Page 115 - DEDU504_EDUCATIONAL_MEASUREMENT_AND_EVALUATION_HINDI
P. 115
bdkbZ—7% fo'oluh;rk% izdkj] fof/;k¡ rFkk mi;ksx
(1) ijh{k.k esa vlhfer inksa dks lfEefyr u dj ldukA uksV
(2) ijh{k.k dks vlhfer ckj Nk=kksa dks u ns ldukA
(3) ijh{k.k osQ mÙkjksa dks vlhfer ijh{kdksa }kjk vadu u dj ldukA
;fn fdlh ijh{k.k esa mijksDr rhuksa ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk vuqlj.k dj losQ rc ekiu dh =kqfV 'kwU; gks tkrh gS D;ksafd
oqQN Nk=kksa osQ izkIrkad okLrfod vadksa ls vfèkd rFkk vU; oqQN Nk=kksa osQ izkIrkad okLrfod vadksa ls de gksrs
gSa ftlls =kqfV dh iwfrZ gks tkrh gS vkSj =kqfV;ksa dk leLr ;ksx 'kwU; gks tkrk gSA ekiu dk ;g rF; lS¼kfUrd vk/kj
izLrqr djrk gS] bl rF; dks ,d mnkjg.k ls Li"V fd;k x;k gSμ
(c) i{kikr =kqfV (Baised error)—i{kikr =kqfV;k¡ fuEukafdr dkj.kksa ls gksrh gSA
(1) ftu dkjdksa dk ijh{k.k }kjk ekiu fd;k tkrk gS mudh ltkrh;rk osQ vkèkkj ij foHkktu u dj ldukA
(2) iz'u dk in fdl fo'ks"krk dk ekiu djrk gS bldk lgh p;u u dj ldukA
(3) ijh{k.k osQ fy, vPNs inksa dk p;u u dj ldukA
(4) Nk=kksa osQ mÙkjksa dks bZekunkjh osQ lkFk vadu u dj ldukA
(5) ijh{k.k esa fofHkUu izdkj osQ inksa dk leqfpr :i ls lfEefyr u dj ldukA
bu mijksDr ik¡p ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ }kjk tks ekiu esa =kqfV gksrh gS mls i{kikriw.kZ =kqfV dgk tkrk gSA bl izdkj vkiwfrZ
=kqfV vkSj i{kikriw.kZ =kqfV] ekiu =kqfV osQ izeq[k ?kVd gSaA
ekiu =kqfV ,d O;fDr osQ izkIrkadksa dks izHkkfor djrh gSA bldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd ijh{k.k ij tks izkIrkad vk;s
gSa og O;fDr osQ okLrfod vad ugha gSaA mlesa ekiu =kqfV Hkh lfEefyr gSA okLrfod vad dh x.kuk fo'oluh;rk
xq.kd vkSj lewg osQ izekf.kd fopyu dh lgk;rk ls Kkr dj ldrs gSaA
(3) U;kn'kZ dh =kqfV (Errors of Sampling)—rhljs izdkj dh =kqfV U;kn'kZ osQ p;u osQ dkj.k gksrh gSA ;fn
U;kn'kZ tula[;k dk 'kq¼ :i esa izfrfufèkRo djrk gks rks bl izdkj dh =kqfV 'kwU; gks tkrh gS ijUrq f'k{kk vkSj
euksfoKku esa U;kn'kZ p;u djus dh fdlh Hkh ,slh izfofèk dk fodkl ugha gks ldk gS ftlls 'kq¼ izfrfuf/Ro djus
okys U;kn'kZ dk p;u gks losQA blfy, f'k{kk vkSj euksfoKku osQ vUrxZr U;kn'kZ dh =kqfV jgrh gSA ftlosQ nks izeq[k
dkj.k gSa % izFke dkj.k ;g gS fd U;kn'kZ osQ Nk=kksa osQ izkIrkadksa esa mrkj&p<+ko dk volj (Chance of
Fluctuation) jgrk gSA
U;kn'kZ dk vkdkj lkèkkj.kr;k vfèkd j[kk tkrk gS] pkgs mldk iz;ksx ekiu osQ {ks=k esa gks ;k vuqlUèkku osQ {ks=k
esaA U;kn'kZ osQ vkdkj dks cM+k j[kus ls nks ykHk gksrs gSaA
izFkeμekiu =kqfV 'kwU; gks tkrh gS lewg esa vfèkd O;fDr;ksa dks lfEefyr djus ls pj =kqfV dk ;ksx lnSo 'kwU;
gksrk gSA
f}rh;μU;kn'kZ dk vkdj ftruk c<+krs tkrs gSa mruk gh og tula[;k dk izfrfufèkRo 'kq¼ :i esa djrk gSA ;fn
U;kn'kZ dk vkdkj vuUr dj fn;k tk; rks og 'kq¼ tula[;k dk izfrfufèkRo djsxkA bl rF; dks lkaf[;dh osQ
fo'oluh;rk lw=kksa dh lgk;rk ls vfèkd Li"V dj ldrs gSaA tSlsμ
xR;kRed ijh{k.k fdls dgrs gSa\
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 109
