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fJekJh^10L wd ftPb/PDL wd efmBkJh, G/dGkt ;{ueKe, ftxBsk dh gqGktPhbsk
fJekJh^10L wd ftPb/PDL wd efmBkJh, G/dGkt ;{ueKe, ftxBsk dh gqGktPhbsk
fJekJh^10L wd ftPb/PDL wd efmBkJh, G/dGkt ;{ueKe, ftxBsk dh gqGktPhbsk
fJekJh^10L wd ftPb/PDL wd efmBkJh, G/dGkt ;{ueKe, ftxBsk dh gqGktPhbsk
fJekJh^10L wd ftPb/PDL wd efmBkJh, G/dGkt ;{ueKe, ftxBsk dh gqGktPhbsk
ns/ t?X jB, sK N?;N ;cb fejk iKdk j?. nfijhnK wdK Bz{ u[DBk jh wd ftPb/PD dk T[d/P j?. È؇
;zy/g ft~u, wd ftPb/PD j/mK fby/ T[d/Pk bJh ehsk iKdk j?L
1H UBK wdK Bz{ ykoi eoBk fijVhnK ewI'o jB ns/ fiBK d/ d[jo/ noE jB.
2H jo u[Dh wd g{o/ N?;N dk gqshfBfX~st eo/.

3H N?;N ft~u Pkfwb ehshnK ikD tkbhnK wdK dh ;zfynk fBoXkfos eoBk.
4H ftfdnkoEhnK dhnK gqsfeqnktK ft~u ewhnK dk gsk eoBk.
“N?;N ftPb/PD fJ~e nkw Ppd j? fi; ft~u ;zfyneh ns/ ftPb/
“N?;N ftPb/PD fJ~e nkw Ppd j? fi; ft~u ;zfyneh ns/ ftPb/
u"jkB
u"jkB d/ nB[;ko, “N?;N ftPb/PD fJ~e nkw Ppd j? fi; ft~u ;zfyneh ns/ ftPb/“N?;N ftPb/PD fJ~e nkw Ppd j? fi; ft~u ;zfyneh ns/ ftPb/
jkogo
jkogo u"jkB “N?;N ftPb/PD fJ~e nkw Ppd j? fi; ft~u ;zfyneh ns/ ftPb/
jkogo
jkogo ns/ u"jkBu"jkB
jkogo
PD dhnK seBheK dh ftnkge o/Ai nkUAdh j? fijVhnK N?;NK, gqhfynktK, gqPBktbh ns/
PD dhnK seBheK dh ftnkge o/Ai nkUAdh j? fijVhnK N?;NK, gqhfynktK, gqPBktbh ns/
PD dhnK seBheK dh ftnkge o/Ai nkUAdh j? fijVhnK N?;NK, gqhfynktK, gqPBktbh ns/
PD dhnK seBheK dh ftnkge o/Ai nkUAdh j? fijVhnK N?;NK, gqhfynktK, gqPBktbh ns/
PD dhnK seBheK dh ftnkge o/Ai nkUAdh j? fijVhnK N?;NK, gqhfynktK, gqPBktbh ns/
j'o wkBf;e wkg d/ T[geoDK Bz{z{ ;[XkoD bJh gq:'r ehshnK ik ;edhnK jB.”
j'o wkBf;e wkg d/ T[geoDK Bz{z{ ;[XkoD bJh gq:'r ehshnK ik ;edhnK jB.”
j'o wkBf;e wkg d/ T[geoDK Bz{z{ ;[XkoD bJh gq:'r ehshnK ik ;edhnK jB.”
j'o wkBf;e wkg d/ T[geoDK Bz{z{ ;[XkoD bJh gq:'r ehshnK ik ;edhnK jB.”
j'o wkBf;e wkg d/ T[geoDK Bz{z{ ;[XkoD bJh gq:'r ehshnK ik ;edhnK jB.”
^jkogo, fJzvhnB ;kfJz; eKro; d/ 62t/A ;?PB dh ekotkJh, okPNogsh d/ GkPD dk d{ik Gkr (1974)
wd ftPb/PD bJh wkBdzvL wd ftPb/PD dk T[d/P N?;N fBowksk d[nkok pDkJhnK rJhnK eJh wdK ft~u'A
uzrhnK ns/ ;Nhe wdK Bz{ u[DBk j?. fJ; d/ bJh, jo wd dk w[~bKeD ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; s'A fJbktk, fejVh
wd uzrh j? ns/ u[Dh ikDh ukjhdh j? ns/ fejVh wd uzrh BjhA j? ns/ BjhA u[Dh ikDh ukjhdh, fJj th
e[M wkBdzvK d/ nkXko s/ fBoXkfos ehsk iKdk j?. fJj fBoDk d' nkXkoK s/ ehsk iKdk j?L
1H efmBsk iK efmBkJh ;{ueKe, ns/
2H G/dGkt ;{ueKe iK t?Xsk ;{ueKe
i/eo fe;/ wd dhnK efmBsk ;{ueKe ns/ G/dGkt ;{ueKe fJ~fSs ;so dhnK jB sK Uj wd u[D bJh iKdh
j?. fe;/ wd dk efmBsk ;{ueKe ns/ G/dGkt ;{ueKe eh j't/, fJj gsk eoD dk e'Jh fBPfus ckow{bk
BjhA j?. fJj N?;N d/ T[d/P ns/ N?;N fBowksk dh nzsofdqPNh T[Zs/ fBoGo eodk j?. i/eo fJ~e N?;N
;ot/yD dh fe;w dk j?, sK 20^80 dh efmBsk ;{ueKe ns/ 3 iK nfXe d/ G/dGkt ;{ueKe tkb/ gqPB
;Nhe wzB/ iKd/ jB. i/eo fJ~e N?;N u[Bkt bJh pDkfJnk frnk j?, sK fJ; dk efmBsk ;{ueKe 10^50
ftueko ns/ G/dGkt ;{ueKe 0H4 iK 0H5 d/ brGr j't/. fJ~e gqPB dh efmBsk ;{ueKe dh rDBk eoD
bJh fJj gsk ehsk iKdk j? fe fezB/ b'eK B/ Bw{B/ d/ gqPB Bz{ ;jh j~b ehsk j? ns/ fco fJ; Bz{ ;ob ehsk
iKdk j? ns/ i/eo fJj x~N j't/, sK fJ; Bz{ j'o nfXe efmB pDkfJnk iKdk j?. fJ; s'A fJbktk, jo wd
dk G/dGkt ;{ueKe g{o/ N?;N Bkb ;fj;zpzfXs ehsk iKdk j?. fJj wzB fbnk iKdk j? fe g{ok N?;N T[; ftP/
Psk Bz{ wkgdk j? fi; Bz{ wkgD bJh fJj pfDnk j?. fJ; bJh, i/eo fe;/ wd dk ;fj;zpzX g{o/ N?;N s'A
nfXe j't/, sK fJj ;wfMnk iKdk j? fe wd T[; ftP/Psk Bz{ wkgdh j?, noEks wd t?X j?.

B'N; wd ftPb/PD Bz{ ‘N?;N dk w[~bKeD’ iK ‘N?;N fBowkD d/ gohyD dk uoD’ th fejk iKdk
j?. fJj N?;N dk fJ~e pj[s wj~stg{oD uoD j? ns/ fJ; gqfeqnk s'A fpBK e'Jh th N?;N
g{ok BjhA j' ;edk.

10H3 wd^ftPb/PD dh gqfeqnk ( )
10H3 wd^ftPb/PD dh gqfeqnk (
10H3 wd^ftPb/PD dh gqfeqnk (Process of Item-Analysis) )) )
10H3 wd^ftPb/PD dh gqfeqnk (
10H3 wd^ftPb/PD dh gqfeqnk (
wd ftPb/PD eoD bJh, gfjbK N?;N UBK ftneshnK iK ftfdnkoEhnK d/ ;w{j d/ Bw{B/ Bz{ fd~sk iKdk
j?, fiBK bJh fJj pDkfJnk frnk j?. fJ; s'A pknd ;ko/ N?;N g~soK dh iKu ehsh iKdh j? ns/ j/mK
fbyhnK gqfeqnktK g{ohnK ehshnK iKdhnK jBL
1H T[Zso g[;seK Bz{ ;e'oK d/ tXd/ eqw ft~u o~fynk iKdk j?.
2H wd ftPb/PD dk ukoN fsnko ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; ukoN ft~u, gfjbK, wdK d/ ;zfynk eqw ekbw ft~u
fby/ iKd/ jB. y~p/ gk;/, ftfdnkoEhnK d/ BK iK eqw ;zfynk gzeshnK ft~u fby/ iKd/ jB. fJ; soK,

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