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fJekJh^6L t?XskL fe;wK, sohe/ ns/ T[g:'r
fJekJh^6L t?XskL fe;wK, sohe/ ns/ T[g:'r
fJekJh^6L t?XskL fe;wK, sohe/ ns/ T[g:'r
fJekJh^6L t?XskL fe;wK, sohe/ ns/ T[g:'r
fJekJh^6L t?XskL fe;wK, sohe/ ns/ T[g:'r
;koDh s'A fJj ;gPN j? fe 86# T[whdtko ;kyskeko s'A pknd ykoi eo fd~s/ rJ/ ns/ Uj N?;N d/ È؇
nkXko s/ th ykoi ehs/ ik ;ed/ ;B. ns/ fijV/ 28# T[whdtko ;kyskeko d/ nkXko s/ ;theko ehs/
rJ/, Uj eN nkc ;e'o d/ nkXko s/ ykoi ehs/ ik ;ed/ jB.

fJj sohek Gft~ytkDh t?Xsk gsk eoD bJh gq:'r ehsk ik ;edk j?.
fJj sohek T[d'A gq:'r ehsk ikdk j?, id'A nkoeshnK x~N j'D ns/ T[whdtkoK dh ;zfynk fInkdk j't/.
fJ; sohe/ dk w[~y T[d/P :'r T[whdtko u[DBk ns/ n:'r T[whdtkoK Bz{ ykoi eoBk j?. fco th, feUAfe
jo N?;N ft~u g{oh t?Xsk dh ewh j[zdh j?, e'Jh th N?;N T[whdtko dh g{oh ywsk ns/ e[Pbsk Bz{ BjhA
wkg ;edk, fJ; bJh fJj ;zGt j' ;edk j? fe e[M :'r T[whdtko th ykoi j' ikD ns/ e[M n:'r
T[whdtko ;thfeqs j' ikD. e[M ;hwktK d/ pki{d, fJj sohek fJ~e uzrk sohek ;wfMnk iKdk j?.

Nk;e ;fj;zpzX dh ;w~roh ft~u Gft~ytkDh eh j?<

ftG/de Gft~ytkDh sohekL fJ~e N?;N dh t?Xsk fJ; nkXko s/ th w[~bKfes j[zdh j? fe d' fGzB
8H 8H ftG/de Gft~ytkDh sohekL ftG/de Gft~ytkDh sohekL
8H 8H 8H ftG/de Gft~ytkDh sohekL ftG/de Gft~ytkDh sohekL
wkBdzvK ft~u fGzB ;fj;zpzX j?. fJ; nkXko s/ eJh N?;NK dh nkb'uBk j[zdh j? fe d' fGzB wkBdzvK bJh
UBK dh Gft~ytkDh t?Xsk pokpo j[zdh j?. T[dkjoD bJh, wzB bU ;wkfie f;~fynk ft~u N?;N A’ dk
ftfdnkoEhnK d/ ;e'o Bkb ;fj;zpzX 0H55 j? ns/ G"fse ftfrnkB ft~u fJj 0H45 j?l fJ; dk noE j?
fe N?;N d'jK soK dhnK ywsktK ft~u fGzBsk BjhA eodk, noEks ;wkfie f;~fynk ns/ G"fse ftfrnkB
ft~u. fco th, fJj fJ~e g{oh Gqkwe fpnkB j?, feUAfe fJB;kBh ywsktK, :'rsktK ns/ e[PbsktK
nzso;zpzfXs jB. fJ; s'A fJbktk, fJj th ;~u j? fe fJ~e ftnesh dh ft~fdne iK j'o y/so ft~u
T[gbpXh e/tb p[~Xh iK wB'ftfrnkfBe ywsk T[Zs/ fBoGo BjhA j?, pbfe fJj T[; d/ gq/oDkswe ns/
ftnefs~st ekoeK s'A th gqGkfts j[zdh j?.
ekoe ftPb/PD sohekL fJj fJ~e nfijk sohek j? fi; d/ nkXko s/ wB'ftfrnkfBe nfij/
9H 9H 9H ekoe ftPb/PD sohekL ekoe ftPb/PD sohekL
9H 9H ekoe ftPb/PD sohekL ekoe ftPb/PD sohekL
wB'ftfrnkfBe s~sK dh y'i eod/ jB i' fe ;[szso fJekJhnK j' ;edhnK jB. wkBt fdwkr eJh soK
d/ s~sK ns/ ftP/PsktK dk fJ~e ifNb fwPoD j?. fJj fJBK dk fJ~e t~vk ikb j?. fJBK s~sK ns/ ftP/
;ghnow?B d/ nB[;ko,
PsktK Bz{ ;[szso fJekJhnK ft~u t~y eoBk ekoe ftPb/PD dk w[~y T[d/P j?. ;ghnow?B ;ghnow?B
;ghnow?B
;ghnow?B
p[~Xh e/tb fJ~e wkBf;e ekoi BjhA j' ;edk. i/eo nfijk j[zdk sK fizB/ th ekoi Uj eodk UBK ft~u
g{ok ;fj;zpzX j[zdkl noEks i/eo fJ~e ftnesh fJ~e ezw ft~u ;cb j[zdk j? sK Uj j'o ezwK Bz{ eoD ft~u
th UBk jh ;cb j[zdk . gqzs{ nfijk BjhA j?. fJ;/ nkXko s/, fJj fejk iKdk j? fe p[~Xh iK g{oD wkBf;e
ywsk d' s~sK dk fwPoD j?.
ekoe ftPb/PD dk nkXko ;fj;zpzX j?. i/eo d' rshftXhnK ft~u e'Jh ;KMk iK fJ~emk ekoe j?, sK UBK
d'jK rshftXhnK ft~u ;fj;zpzX j't/rk. nkgDh g[;se ‘Factoral Analysis for Non-mathematicians’,
;h i/ n?ve"e
ft~u ;h i/ n?ve"e;h i/ n?ve"e
;h i/ n?ve"e B/ fJ; ;fEsh bJh fJ~e pj[s ;Nhe T[dkjoD fd~sk j?.
;h i/ n?ve"e
6H4 t?Xsk dk T[g:'r
6H4 t?Xsk dk T[g:'r
6H4 t?Xsk dk T[g:'r
6H4 t?Xsk dk T[g:'r
6H4 t?Xsk dk T[g:'r (Usability of Validity)
ft~fdne w[~bKeD dk jw/Pk fJ~e ;gPN T[d/P j'Dk ukjhdk j?. w[~bKeD s'A e[M th gqkgs BjhA j't/rk i/eo w[~bKeD
dh T[d/P bJh e'Jh t?Xsk BjhA j?. fJ;/ ekoD, t?Xsk fJ~e N?;N dh ;G s'A wj~stg{oD ftP/Psk j?.
fJ~e w[~bKeD T[geoD dh t?Xsk nfijh j~d j? fi~E/ s~e fJj T[; ftP/Psk Bz{ j'o ftP/PsktK dh S{s s'A fpBK
wkgdk j?, fi; Bz{ wkgD bJh fJ; Bz{ pDkfJnk frnk j?. T[dkjoD bJh, gV e/ ;wMD dh ywsk d/ N?;N
bJh rfDfse ywsk dh Io{os BjhA j'Dh ukjhdh.
fJj g{oh soK ;gPN j? fe fJ~e t?X w[~bKeD bJh N?;N d/ T[d/P Bkb wkBdzvK Bz{ g{oh soK Pkfwb ehsk ikDk
ukjhdk j? (ntXkoDktK, e[PbsktK ns/ frnkB). fJ~E/ ;G s'A wj~stg{oD Ppd T[d/P j?. T[dkjoD bJhL

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