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fof'k"V f'k{kk



                  uksV          •   ok.kh ckfèkr dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kkµ ^ok.kh ckfèkr* os ckyd gSa tks eq[k dh vkokt] cksys x;s 'kCnksa esa
                                    rkyesy] rFkk 'kCnksa dks la;ksftr djus esa dfBukbZ dk lkeuk djrs gSaA nwljs 'kCnksa esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS
                                    fd os cksyrs le; 'kCnksa dks NksM+ nsrs gSa] cny nsrs gS] rksM+&ejksM+ nsrs gSa ;k viuh vksj ls oqQN tksM+ nsrs
                                    gSaA ,sls ckyd 'kCn vFkok okD; dks Bhd izdkj ls ugha cksy ldrsA ;g leL;k,¡ 'kjhj osQ vaxksa esa deh
                                    osQ dkj.k gksrh gSaA
                                •   ikjfdUlu (1977) osQ vuqlkjµ¶ok.kh ckfèkr rHkh ekuk tkrk gS tc O;kdj.k dh n`f"V ls lkaLo`Qfrd :i

                                    ls vlrks"ktud gks D;ksafd ok.kh vax {kfrxzLr gSA bldk laizs"k.k nks"k;qDr gksrk gSA¸
                                •   Jo.k ckfèkr dk vFkµ Jo.k ckfèkr ckyd ,sls ckyd gSa ftudh lquus dh {kerk u"V gks tkrh gS rFkk
                                    cksyus vkSj Hkk"kk esa ijs'kkuh dk lkeuk djrs gSaA
                                •   tks ckyd lquus dh {kerk dks iw.kZ :i ls [kks nsrs gSa os vU; ckydksa dh vis{kk xEHkhj :i ls dfBukb;ksa dk
                                    lkeuk djrs gSaA bl izdkj Jo.k ckfèkr ckyd ;k rks cgqr de lqu ikrs gSa ;k iw.kZr;k ugha lqu ikrs] os cgjs
                                    gksrs gSaA
                                •   ok.kh ckfèkr ckydksa osQ izdkjµ

                                    (1)izfozQ;kRed mPpkj.kkRed nks"k  (Functional Articulatory Defect); (2) gdykuk (Stammering);
                                    (3) vkokt dh leL;k (Voice Problems); (4) vaxh; ok.kh osQ nks"k (Organic Speech Defects);
                                    (5) de lquus okys ckydksa osQ lkFk ok.kh dh leL;k_ (6) nsj ls cksyus dk fodkl (Retarded Speech
                                    Development)
                                •   Jo.k ckfèkr ckydksa osQ izdkjµ os leLr ckyd ftUgsa lquus osQ lacUèk esa dksbZ dfBukbZ gS Jo.k ckfèkr

                                    ckyd dgykrs gSaA èofu dk ifjlj 1ls 130 MsflcYl (Decibles) gksrk gSA 130 MslhcYl osQ mQij dh èofu
                                    nnZ dh laosnuk nsrh gSA èofu osQ ifjlj osQ vuqlkj  Jo.k ckfèkr ckydksa dks pkj Hkkxksa es ck¡Vk tk ldrk
                                    gSµ(1) de Jo.k ckfèkr ckyd_ (2) eUn Jo.k ckfèkr ckyd_ (3) xEHkhj :i ls Jo.k ckfèkr ckyd_
                                    (4) iw.kZ Jo.k ckfèkr ckydA
                                •   ok.kh ckfèkr ckydksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡µ bl izdkj osQ tks ckyd gksrs gSa mudh 'olu fozQ;k vlkekU; gksrh
                                    gS vkSj mudh vkokt Hkh gYdh gksrh gSA tks cksyrs gS oks Li"V ugha gksrk cksyus esa ladksp djrs gSa rFkk
                                    èkkjkizokg ugha cksy ldrs gSA
                                •   Jo.k ckfèkr ckydksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡µ Jo.k ckfèkr ckydksa dh oqQN euksoSKkfud fo'ks"krk,¡a ik¡p izdkj
                                    dh gksrh gSaµ(1) Hkk"kk rFkk ok.kh dk fodkl_ (2) ckSf¼d ;ksX;rkvksa dk fodkl_ (3) 'kSf{kd fu"ifÙk dk
                                    fodkl_ (4) lkekftd vkSj O;olkf;d lek;kstu] rFkk (5) vU; fo'ks"krk,¡aA


                                2-5 'kCndks'k  (Keywords)

                                   • Msflcyµ èofu ekius dk iSekukA
                                   • fdafprµ FkksM+k] deA
                                   • cfèkjµ cgjkA

                                   • foLFkkiuµ gVkukA

                                10-6 vH;kl&iz'u  (Review Questions)

                                  1- ok.kh ,oa Jo.k nks"k dk vFkZ Li"V djrs gq, mldh ifjHkk"kk nhft,A


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