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Hkk"kkfoKku vkSj fganh Hkk"kk
uksV 4- vFkZ rÙo LFkkiUu gksrk gS] tcfd lEcU/ rÙo ugha A ?kj osQ LFkku ij x`g dk iz;ksx gks ldrk gS] fdUrq esa]
ij ls vkfn dk vyx ls iz;ksx ugha gks ldrkA
5- vFkZ rRo fofHkUu 'kCn oxks± esa foHkDr fd, tk ldrs gSa vkSj lEcU/rRo O;kdjf.kd dksfV;ksa esaA
6- vFkZ rÙo osQ lkFk iz;qDr gksdj lEcU/ rÙo i`Fkd~ O;kdjf.kd dksfV;ksa dk fu/kZj.k djrs gSaA tSlsµ cM+kbZ] feBkbZ]
[kk;k] i<+k vkfnA
7- vFkZ rÙo lEcU/ rÙo osQ fcuk in ;k :i vFkkZr~ okD;&jpuk dh bdkbZ ugha cu ldrsµ ^ukfi osQoyk izo`Qfr%
iz;ksDrO;k] ukfi osQoy% izr;;%A*
oqQN fo}ku~ lEcU/ rÙoksa osQ uke vkSj fØ;k uked nks izdkj crkrs gSaA uke lEcU/ rÙo osQ laKk] loZuke] fo'ks"k.k
vkSj fØ;k&fo'ks"k.k lEcU/ rÙo gSa laKkfn osQ fyax] opu] dkjd vkfn lEcU/ rÙo gSaA fØ;k osQ fyax] iq#"k] dky]
okP;] o`fÙk vkfn lEcU/ rÙo gSaA fØ;k osQ fyax] iq#"k] dky] okP;] o`fÙk vkfn laca/ rÙo gSaA lEcU/ rÙo osQ
dkj.k gh cgqopuRo] HkwrdkyRo ;k dkjdh; lEcU/ dh lwpuk feyrh gSA lacU/ rÙo ls gh 'kCnksa dk vFkZ fu;af=kd
gksrk gS vkSj okD;xr vFkZ dh izrhfr gksrh gSA
vFkZ rÙo vkSj lEcU/ rÙo dk la;ksx izR;sd Hkk"kk esa vyx&vyx gksrk gSA ;g la;ksx iw.kZ] viw.kZ vkSj Lora=k
:i ls gksrk gSA
(d) iw.kZ la;ksxµ tgk¡ vFkZ rÙo vkSj lEcU/ rÙo dk ;ksx izf'y"V gksrk gS] ogk¡ iw.kZ la;ksx gksrk gSA blesa
vFkZ rÙo vkSj lEcU/ rÙo dks vyx djuk laHko ugha gksrk gSA tSls fo'ks"k oSf'k"V~;] nsgµnSfgd] i`FkqµikfFkZo]
'khyµ'kSyh] Íf"kµvk"kZA
d~ r~ c~ > fdrkc] oqQrqc] fdrkcr] edrcA
d~ r~ y~ > dRy] dkfry] edrwy vkfnA
Teach—Taught, Buy—bought, Bring—Brought.
([k) viw.kZ la;ksxµ ;gk¡ vFkZ rÙo vkSj lEcU/ rÙo dks vyx&vyx fd;k tk ldrk gS] ogk¡ viw.kZ la;ksx
gSA tSls HkykµHkykbZ] x¡okjµx¡okjiu] izHkqµizHkqrk] 'kqHkzµ'kqHkzrk] Play—Played, Man—Woman vkfnA
(x) Lora=kµ ,slh Hkk"kk,¡ Hkh gSa] ftuesa vFkZ rÙo vkSj lEcU/ rÙo Lora=k gksrs gSaA phuh Hkk"kk esa Lora=k la;ksx
feyrs gSaA
caVw rFkk iwQy Hkk"kkvksa esa lEcU/ rÙo dk vkf/D; fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA
fgUnh esa lEcU/ rÙo
fgUnh eaas lEcU/ rÙo dbZ izdkj osQ gSaA
fgUnh ea fØ;k] drkZ] deZ vkfn osQ LFkku fu/kZfjr gSaA muosQ LFkku ls gh lEcU/ dk cks/ gks tkrk gSA blhfy,
fgUnh esa 'kwU; lEcU/ rÙo dk fodkl gqvk gSA jke jksVh [kkrk gS okD; esa dkjdh; foHkfDr ij lxZ ugha gSa] fiQj
Hkh budk lEcU/ LFkku osQ vk/kj ij fu/kZfjr gks tkrk gSA fiQj Hkh us dks ls dk esa ij ijlxks± dk iz;ksx gksrk
gSA
/krq :i vkSj vkKkFkZd fØ;kvksa esa cyk?kkr ls lEcU/ dk fu/kZj.k gksrk gSA py] ih] tk vkfn dh vkKkFkZdrk
dk cks/ cyk?kkr ls gks tkrk gSA
fgUnh osQ cgqopu esa lEcU/ rÙo dk viw.kZ ;ksx gksrk gSA tSlsµ?kksM+ksa (?kksM+k + vksa)] fdrkcksa (fdrkc + vksa)A
fgUnh esa lEcU/ rÙo osQ izf'y"V ;ksx Hkh gksrs gSaA tSls dj ls fd;k] ns fn;k] ys ls fy;k] tk ls x;kA blh izdkj
viJqfr osQ mnkgj.k :i esa oqQdeZ ls oqQdehZ] cdjk ls cdjh vkfn dks fy;k tk ldrk gSA
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