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lkekftd 'kks/ dh i¼fr

uksV foKkuksa osQ {ks=k esa gks ;k lkekftd foKkuksa osQ {ks=k esaA ;gk¡ oSKkfud&i¼fr dks HkyhHkk¡fr le>us osQ fy, foKku
osQ vFkZ dks le> ysuk vko';d gSA

1-1 foKku dk vFkZ (Meaning of Science)

lkèkkj.kr;k yksx ^foKku* dk vFkZ fo'ks"k izdkj dh fo"k;&lkexzh (Subject matter) ls gh yxkrs gSaA bl
n`f"V ls os jlk;u'kkL=k] HkkSfrd'kkL=k] thofoKku] ouLifr'kkL=k vkfn fo"k;ksa dks gh foKku ekurs gSaA ,sls yksx
lkekftd rF;ksa ,oa iz?kVukvksa] lkekftd lewgksa] laLFkkvksa] lektksa ,oa lkekftd lacaèkksa dk vè;;u djus okys
fo"k; dks foKku ugha ekursA os rks le>rs gSa fd izksVksuksa] bySDVªksuksa] ,Veksa] eksyhD;wyksa] fi.Mksa] u{k=kksa] pêðkuksa]
thok.kqvksa] oaQdkyksa ,oa [kksifM+;ksa osQ vè;;u ls lacafèkr fo"k; gh foKku gSA ijarq ;g mudk Hkze ek=k gSA okLro
eas] foKku vius vkiesa dksbZ fo"k;&lkexzh ugha gksdj oSKkfud i¼fr ls izkIr fd;k x;k O;ofLFkr Kku gSA ;fn
fdlh Hkh fo"k; ls lacafèkr rF;ksa dks oSKkfud i¼fr dks dke esa ysrs gq, lax`ghr fd;k tk, rFkk bl izdkj
ls izkIr rF;ksa osQ vkèkkj ij fl¼kar cuk;s tk;sa rks ,sls fo"k; dks foKku gh ekuk tk,xkA
foKku dk vFkZ Li"V djrs gq, LVqvVZ pst us fy[kk gS] ¶foKku dk lacaèk i¼fr ls gS u fd fo"k;&lkexzh
lsA¸
dkyZ fi;lZu osQ vqulkj] ¶lHkh foKkuksa dh ,drk mldh i¼fr esa gS u fd osQoy mldh fo"k;&oLrq esaA¸

chlat rFkk chlat osQ vuqlkj] ¶;g ,d i¼fr ;k mikxe gS u fd fo"k; lkexzh tks foKku dh dlkSVh gSA¸
yqaMcxZ osQ vuqlkj] ¶foKku dks fo"k;&lkexzh osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr djus dk iz;Ru Hkze gh mRiUu djrk gSA¸
YkSafMl dh ekU;rk gS fd foKku] foKku gh gS] pkgs og HkkSfrd'kkL=k esa gks ;k lekt'kkL=k esaA

D;k vki tkurs gSa cukZMZ us foKku dh ifjHkk"kk Ng eq[; izfØ;kvksa osQ :i esa dh gS tks bl izdkj gS%
ijh{kk (Testing), lR;kiu (Verification), ifjHkk"kk (Definition), oxhZdj.k
(Classification), laxBu (Organisation) rFkk vfHkfoU;kl (Orientation); buesa
HkfOk";ok.kh djuk ;k O;ogkj esa ykuk (Prediction and Application) Hkh lfEefyr
gSA

iQisZQ us crk;k gS fd gesa oSKkfud Kku dks ,sls Kku osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr djuk pkfg, tks ,d fo'ks"k ek=kk rd
fuf'pr] dkj.k;qDr ,oa lkekU; gksA bl izdkj dk O;ofLFkr Kku foKku gSA
fo}kuksa osQ mi;qZDr dFkuksa ls Li"V gS fd fOkKku dk lacaèk fdlh fof'k"V izdkj dh fo"k;&lkexzh ls ugha
gksdj oSKkfud i¼fr ls izkIr fd, x, Øec¼ o O;ofLFkr Kku ls gSA

1-2 foKku osQ izeq[k rRo (fo'ks"krk,¡)
(Main Elements (Characteristics) of Science)

ek²VMssy vkSj ekSukpslh us foKku osQ fofHkUu rRoksa dks Li"V djrs gq, fy[kk gS fd foKku Hkh fopkjus dk gh
,d <ax gS vkSj lHkh izdkj osQ fopkjksa dh rjg leL;kvksa osQ izR;qÙkj osQ :i esa mfnr gksrk gSA foKku osQ fy,
fUkEUk rRoksa dk gksuk vko';d gSµ

1- voyksdu (Observation)µfoKku esa voyksdu osQ egÙo ij izdk'k Mkyrs gq, xqMs ,oa gsV us fy[kk

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