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Unit 2: Knowledge

Y is either the mother or father of Z. Such a program can be asked a range of questions—from “Is Notes
John, the father of Tom?” [Father (John, Tom)?] To “Is there any A who is the grandfather of C?”
[Grandfather (A, C)?] .
The possible operation of computer based on logic is illustrated in the following using the
family tree program. Execution of, for example, “Grandfather (Bill, R)?” will match each
“Grandfather ()”Clause.
Grandfather (X = Bill, Z = R): father (Bill, Y), mother (Y, R).
Grandfather (X = Bill, Z = R): father (Bill, Y), father (Y, R).

Both clauses will attempt in parallel to satisfy their Goals, such a concept is called OR – Parallelism.
The first clause will fail being unable to satisfy its goal, search will continues to the second
clause, i.e. called OR – Parallelism.
The first clause will fail being unable to satisfy the “Mother ()” goal from the program. The
second goal has “Father ()”, “Mother ()”, which is an attempt to solve in parallel: such a concept
is called AND parallelism. The latter concept involves Pattern Matching methods and substitution
to satisfy both the individual goals.

Grandfather (X = Bill, Z = R)
: father (Bill, Y), father (Y, R).
: father (Bill, Y = John), father (Y = Bill, R = John).
And the Overall Consistency

: father (Bill, Y = John), father (Y = John, R = Tom).
Computers Organization Supporting Expert Systems are a highly microprogrammed (Control
Flow Based). PROLOG machines analogous to current LISP machines through we can expect a
number of such designs in the near feature. The PROLOG machines are not TRUE Logic Machines,
just as LISP Machines are not considered reduction machines linked by a Common Logic Machine
language and architecture.

2.3.5 Why Build a Knowledge-based System?

Following are the reasons to build knowledge-based systems:
To decrease cost or increase quality of goods and services.

Magnify availability of expertise.
Provide expertise to less experienced personnel.
Avoid delays when expertise is needed.

Provide expertise in locations where it is not available.
Fuse different sources of knowledge.
Encode corporate knowledge.
Provide consistency and availability over time.
Automate some routine decision-making or bookkeeping tasks.

Keep records of decisions and actions.
Provide a reliable database for later analysis.

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