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Unit 11: Individuals and Self-Management

11.4.5 Attribution Notes

Attribution is the process of observing behaviour and then determining its cause based on
individual’s personality or situation. Attribution based on personality is due to internal
causes and is termed as dispositional attribution. It includes personality traits like shyness,
arrogance, intelligence, etc. Attribution based on external influences and situations that are
outside the control of individual are termed as situational attribution. The basic attribution
framework uses three criteria mentioned below.
Consensus: It is the extent to which other people in the same situation might respond
similarly. When behaviour is attributed to consensus, the individual is not rewarded or
penalized due his personality.

Distinctiveness: It is the extent to which the individual’s behaviour can be attributed to
situations or to his personality. If the person behaves the same way in seemingly different
situations, then his behaviour will be attributed to his personality.
Consistency: It is the measure of the frequency of the observed behaviour, how often does
the behaviour occurs? High consistency is linked to dispositional attribution while low
consistency is linked to situational attribution.
11.4.6 Attitude

An attitude is the abstract learnt response of an individual’s entire cognitive process over
a period of time. It is experienced as a quick response to a familiar situation without any
deep reasoning; it forms the basis of biases and attribution errors. As an example, an
individual who has worked in various organizations might develop an attitude of indifference
towards organizational citizenship.

To avoid conflict in team, manager must analyze the task, then determine
the required skills and assemble a team that complement each other
skills.

Self Assessment

Multiple choice questions:
1. The first step in self-management training is to conduct a ……………… .

(a) goal setting (b) self-monitoring
(c) self-evaluation (d) self-assessment
2. There are .......................... stages in self-management.
(a) four (b) three
(c) two (d) six

3. ……………. refers to an individual’s behaviour towards others while interacting with
them.
(a) Extraversion (b) Agreeableness

(c) Conscientiousness (d) None of these
4. This refers to the ability of an individual to control his or her emotions at the time
of crisis.

(a) Mental (b) Economical
(c) Emotional stability (d) None of these

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