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bdkbZ 4 % ttekuh O;oLFkk




          ttekuh dk lacaèk tkfr osQ ctk; ifjokj ls gksrk gSA bl izdkj ,d fdlku ifjokj [ksrh osQ èkkfRod midj.k  uksV
          fdlh [kkl yqgkj ifjokj ls ikrk gS vkSj mlosQ cnys esa og iQly osQ le; fdlku ls vukt dk ,d Hkkx
          gkfly djrk gSA

          ttekuh&lacaèk fVdkmQ] fof'k"V vkSj cgqvk;keh ekus tkrs gSa vkSj vDlj gSa HkhA ;s laca/ bl vFkZ esa fVdkmQ
          gSa fd bUgsa nksuksa i{k mÙkjkfèkdkj esa ikrs gSaA bl izdkj ,d yqgkj mlh o`Q"kd ifjokj dh lsok djrk gS ftldh
          lsok mlosQ firk vkSj nknk us dh FkhA blh izdkj ,d Ñ"kd mlh yqgkj ls [ksrh osQ vkStkj ysxk ftlosQ firk
          vkSj nknk ls mlosQ firk vkSj nknk us fy;k gksxkA vxj ifjokj dk dksbZ lnL; larkughu gksdj ej tkrk gS
          rks mlosQ oa'k dk dksbZ nwljk mldk LFkku ys ldrk gSA blh izdkj vxj fdlh yqgkj osQ vius tteku osQ
          }kjk Hkj.k&iks"k.k dj ldus ls T;knk csVs gSa rks mlosQ csVs vU; LFkkuksa ij tgk¡ ij yqgkjksa dh deh gks] dke
          [kkstsaxsA oqQN nwljs dk;ks± es Hkh yx ldrs gSa_ tSls izk;% [ksrh esa D;ksafd [ksr esa ijaijkxr :i ls fdlh Hkh
          tkfr dk O;fDr dke dj ldrk gSA
          ttekuh lacaèk fof'k"V gksrk gS D;ksafd fdlku ifjokj fdlh [kkl yqgkj osQ ifjokj osQ ikl gh dke
          djok,xkA blosQ foijhr yqgkjksa dks vius ifjokjksa osQ fy, gh vkStkj cukus pkfg,A os yksx ck”kkj esa cspus
          osQ fy, oqQN vkStkj cukus dks Lora=k gSaA ijarq mUgsa nwljs yqgkjksa osQ ttekuksa dks yqHkkus dh vuqefr ugha gSA
          ttekuh lacaèk bl vFkZ esa cgqvk;keh gS fd bldk nk;jk vkfFkZd rkSj ij O;kid gSA njvly vkfFkZd
          fofue; ttekuh lacaèkksa dk osQoy ,d i{k gSA blfy, o`Q"kdksa dk dksbZ Hkh ifjokj fo'ks"k mRloksa ij
          vfèkdka'k reke lg;ksfx;ksa ls lgk;rk pkgrk gSA ikfjokfjd vkikrdky osQ nkSjku vkilh >xM+ksa esa Hkh
          ikjLifjd O;fDrxr lg;ksx dh vk'kk dh tkrh gSA dHkh&dHkh fo'ks"kK ifjokjksa ij blfy, ncko Mkyk tkrk
          gS fd vxj iwjh tkfr yM+ jgh gks rks os vius laj{kd dh tkfr dh lgk;rk djsA
          MkW- Mh- ,u- etwenkj osQ 'kCnksa esaµ^^bl izdkj dh ikjLifjd lsok,¡ vDlj vkSipkfjd :i ls r; dh tkrh
          FkhaA thou&pozQ ls tqM+s vuq"Bkuksa vkfn osQ lanHkZ esa [kkldj ;gh ckr ns[kus esa vkrh FkhA mUgksusa y[kumQ
          ftys osQ ,d xk¡o esa gksusokyh ,d 'kknh dk mYys[k fd;k gS ftlesa ncax tehankj BkoqQjksa osQ ifjokj us ml
          xk¡o dh pkSng esa ls nl tkfr;ksa osQ izfrfufèk;ksa dks vkeaf=kr fd;k Fkk eSaMsy ckme us bl lUnHkZ esa ,d
          fnypLi mnkgj.k fn;k gSµ^^ukbZ tkfr osQ lg;ksxh ifjokjksa }kjk mRlo osQ fy, ,d izeq[k Hkwfedk vnk dh
          tkrh gSA ukbZ dh iRuh ?kj dh lkiQ&liQkbZ djrh gS] ltkrh gSA og nqYgu dk flj pEih djrh gS vkSj mls
          ugykrh] èkqykrh gSA og fookg xhrksa dks lkFk&lkFk xkrh gS vkSj mlh eksgd vankt esa ckjkfr;ksa ls feyrh
          gSA Lo;a ukbZ 'kknh&lekjksg esa muosQ lkFk gksrk gS vkSj 'kknh osQ fy, tks oqQN dk;Z vko';d gksrk gS] djrk
          gSA og lkjs foèkkuksa esa lkFk jgrk gS] iqjksfgr dh enn djrk gS vkSj nqYgs dh deht osQ [kwaVs dks nqYgu dh
          lkM+h osQ iYyw ls ckaèkrk gSA foèkkuksa osQ nkSjku ;fn ukbZ vkSj mldh iRuh dksbZ fo'ks"k dk;Z djrs gSA rks mUgsa
          iSls fn;s tkrs gSaA ;s mnkgj.k lkiQ tkfgj djrs gSa fd ttekuh lacaèkksa osQ nk;js esa vkfFkZd fofue; ls vfèkd
          ckrsa 'kkfey gSaA
          ;tekuh izFkk ijEijkxr is'ksoj dÙkZO;ksa dh ,d O;oLFkk gSA iqjkru Hkkjr esa tkfr;k¡ ,d nwljs ij vkfFkZd
          n`f"V ls fuHkZj gksrh FkhaA xzkeh.k O;fDr osQ ijEijkxr fof'k"V èkaèks osQ lkFk mldh tkfr dk iznÙk fof'k"Vhdj.k
          Hkh gksrk FkkA is'ks osQ fof'k"Vhdj.k osQ dkj.k xzkeh.k lekt esa lsokvksa dk vknku&iznku pyrk FkkA lsod
          (servicing) vkSj lsfor (served) tkfr;ksa osQ chp osQ lacaèk lafonk ij vkèkkfjr O;fDrxr] xSj O;fDrxr]
          vLFkkbZ ;k lhfer ugha gksrs Fks cfYd tkfr mUeq[kh (caste-oriented)] nh?kZdkyhu o foLr`r :i ls
          leFkZu iznku djus okys gksrs FksA HkwLokeh ,oa Hkwfeghu ifjokjksa osQ chp] tks vkil esa lsokvksa vkSj oLrqvksa
          dh iwfrZ djrs gSa] lacaèk nh?kZdkfyd gksrs gSa] ftUgsa ;tekuh izFkk dgk tkrk gSA

          gSjkWYM xkmYM (Harold Gould, 1987 : 138-39) ;s ;tekuh izFkk dks laj{kdksa (patrons) ,oa
          lsoknkjksa (suppliers of servies) osQ chp vUrikZfjokfjd (interfamilial) vUrtkZrh; lacaèk dgk gS
          tks vkèkhuLFk (superordinate) ,oa vkèkhudrkZ (subordinate) osQ chp gksrs gSaA laj{kd yksx LoPN
          (clean) tkfr osQ gksrs gSa tcfd lsoknkj vLoPN ,oa fuEu tkfr osQA ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ;tekuh


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