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bdkbZμ9% laoSèkkfud lajpukμU;k;ikfydk

vaxzstksa dh fofèk O;kogkfjd èkkj.kk % eSXukdkVkZ osQ ckn v¡xjstksa us ¶fofèk osQ 'kklu¸ (Rule of Law) esa fo'okl uksV
fd;kA blosQ vykok bu yksxksa us fofèk dh ,d fuf'pr ij lkèkkj.k èkkj.kk cuk;h gSA lkèkkj.kr% bfrgkl us fofèk
dh nks èkkjk.kkvksa dks tUe fn;kA izFke fofèk osQ lEizHkq dh vkKk vkSj f}rh; fofèk foosd dh mitA ysfdu] v¡xjstksa
us fofèk osQ O;kogkfjd :i dks Lohd`r fd;k fd fofèk fl¼kUr vkSj fu;e gS tks U;k;ky;ksa }kjk Lohd`r rFkk ykxw
fd;k tk;A vU; fl¼kar ;k vkn'kZ ftUgsa Hkfo"; esa ykxw fd;k tk ldrk gS] izFkk Hkys gh gks ldrh gS] ysfdu
fofèk ughaA
fofèk osQ izdkj (Kinds of Law): baXySaM esa rhu izdkj dh fofèk;k¡ izpfyr gSa& (d) lkoZtfud ;k lkekU; fofèk
(Common Law), ([k) U;k;&Hkkouk vFkok vi{kikr&fofèk (Equity) vkSj (x) lafofèk vFkok ifjfu;e
(Statute Law)A
(d) lkoZtfud ;k lkekU; fofèk% lkekU; fofèk (Common Law) osQ tUe dh viuh dgkuh gSA 800 o"kZ
iwoZ dh ckr gSA ukeZu jktkvksa dh fot; osQ iwoZ baXySaM esa ,d:i U;k;&O;oLFkk ugha FkhA ukeZu rFkk ,¡tfou jktkvksa
us bl deh dks eglwl fd;kA jk"Vª osQ ,dhdj.k rFkk jktrU=k dks izHkkoh cukus esa mUgsa dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djuk
iM+ jgk FkkA vr% bu mís';ksa dh iwfrZ osQ fy, mUgksaus U;kf;d 'kfDr dks gfFk;kj cuk;kA U;k;èkh'kksa dks ns'k&Hkze.k
osQ fy, Hkstk tkus yxkA izFker% LFkkuh; izFkkvksa osQ vk/kj ij fu.kZ; fn;k tkrk Fkk ysfdu èkhjs&èkhjs LFkkuh; izFkkvksa
dk egÙo tkrk jgk vkSj lHkh LFkkuksa ij leku fl¼kUrksa osQ vuqlkj U;k;&O;oLFkk dks tUe fn;k tks leLr ns'k
vFkok jkT; osQ fy, leku vFkok lkoZtfud FkhA bl izdkj lkekU; fofèk dk tUe gqvkA lkekU; fofèk mu fu;eksa
dk lweg gS ftudks dHkh fdlh jktk us fufnZ"V ugha fd;k vkSj u fdlh foèkkueaMy usA blosQ fu.kZ;ksa dk vfHkys[kksa
osQ vkèkkj ij fodkl gqvkA iwoZHkkf"k;ksa (Precedents) iwoZ fu;eksa (State Law) dk ;g ladyu gSA tc dksbZ
U;k;kèkh'k lkoZtfud fofèk osQ lacaèk esa dksbZ fu.kZ; ns nsrk gS rks mDr fu.kZ; fu;e dh rjg Lohdkj fd;k tkrk
gS tc rd dksbZ mPp U;k;ky; mls jí u dj nsA la{ksi esa] lkekU; fofèk U;k;èkh'kksa }kjk O;k[;k fd;s x, ijEijkxr
O;kogkjksa ,oa :f<+;ksa dk lewg&ek=k gSA ckn esa XySufoy] cSzDVu] dqd CySadLVksu vkfn O;k[;kdkjksa us bldk Øec¼
:i ls ladyu fd;k rFkk O;k[;k dhA
([k) ifjfu;e fofèk vFkok lafofèk% lkekU; fofèk osQ lkFk&lkFk ifjfu;e fofèk ;k lafofèk (Statute Law) dk
Hkh fodkl gqvkA lkekU; fofèk fodflr fofèk Fkh] tcfd lafofèk fufeZr fofèk lfn;ksa rd lezkV osQ lg;ksx ls fofèk;ksa
dk fuekZ.k djrk FkkA bUgh fofèk;ksa dks lafofèk dgrs gSaA igys bldh la[;k ux.; FkhA ysfdu èkhjs&èkhjs ;s fofèk
dk izeq[k L=kksr cu x;hA vkt budk {ks=k cgqr foLr`r gks x;k gSA ;g lkekU; fofèk dk fu"ksèk ugha djrh] cfYd
mls yphyk cuk nsrh gS rFkk mldh dfe;ksa dks iwjk djrh gSA lafofèk vfUre vkKk gSA
(x) U;k;&Hkkouk vFkok vi{kikr fofèk% lkekU; fofèk dh catj Hkwfe ij U;k;Hkkouk vFkok vi{kikr&fofèk
(Equity) dh uhao iM+hA èkhjs&èkhjs lkekU; fofèk le;kuqdwy u jg x;h vkSj vusd ekeyksa esa og ykxw u gksus yxhA
blosQ vykok le; dh vfLFkjrk osQ dkj.k ,d fofèk dh vko';drk gqbZ tks izkfofèk (Technical) u gks rFkk nsj
u yxsA bl i`"BHkwfe ij vi{kikr fofèk dh mRifr gqbZ vkSj lkekU; fofèk dh vusd =kqfV;k¡ nwj gqbZ A vc ge ns[ksaxs
fd bldk fodkl dSls gqvkA pw¡fd jktk U;k; dk lcls cM+k vfèkdkjh le>k tkrk Fkk blfy, ftu O;fDr;ksa dks
nhokuh vnkyr ls mfpr U;k; ugha feyrk Fkk os jktk ls U;k; dh izkFkZuk djrs FksA dk;Z&Hkkj dh otg ls lezkV~
mu izkFkZukvksa dks pkalyj osQ ikl tks ¶jktk osQ ln~foosd dk j[kokyk¸ (Keeper of the king's consceience)
Fkk] Hkst nsrk FkkA pkalyj ;k mlosQ lgk;d foosd osQ vkèkkj ij fu.kZ; nsrs FksA bl izdkj vi{kikr fofèk dk tUe
gqvk ftldk vkèkkj izFkk ugha cfYd ln~foosd FkkA bl fofèk dh ekU;rk Fkh fd ns'k dh fofèk tkfr osQ lnkpkj
osQ vuq:i vkSj uhfr osQ vuqlkj gksuh pkfg,¸ izeq[k U;k;kfèkdkfj;ksa (Chancellors) us] tks ckj&ckj ih<+h&nj&ih<+h
vusd fu.kZ; fn,] mu lc fu.kZ;ksa dks feykdj fu;eksa dk ,d lewg cu x;kA ysfdu bu nksuksa fofèk;ksa osQ
vyx&vyx U;k;ky; cgqr fnuksa rd cus jgsA 1873 bZ- esa nksuksa fofèk;ksa osQ fy, ,d U;k;ky; gks x;kA nksuksa fofèk;ksa
eas lkeatL; iSnk fd;k x;k] ysfdu fojksèk osQ le; U;k;Hkkouk dks Åij LFkku fn;k x;kA bl izdkj U;k;&Hkkouk

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