Page 240 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_HINDI

bdkbZμ9% laoSèkkfud lajpukμU;k;ikfydk

osQ fy, fu"i{k la?kh; U;k;ky; dh vko';drk gksrh gSA fLoV~tjySaM esa loZizFke 1848 bZú osQ lafoèkku us la?kh; uksV
vfèkdkj&{ks=k esa U;k;&O;oLFkk osQ fy, ,d U;k;ky; dh O;oLFkk dh] ijUrq bl U;k;ky; dk vfèkdkj&{ks=k
vR;Ur lhfer FkkA og iw.kZr;k la?kh; lHkk rFkk la?kh; ifj"kn~ osQ vèkhu FkkA jkT;&e.My vkSj dSaVuksa dh fofèk;ksa
esa vUrj vFkok fookn dk fu.kZ; djus dk bls vfèkdkj ugha FkkA ,sls fooknksa dk fu.kZ; Lo;a la?kh; lHkk rFkk la?kh;
ifj"kn djrh FkhA la?k U;k;ky; osQoy mUgha fooknksa ij fopkj dj ldrk Fkk ftUgsa la?kh; lHkk rFkk la?kh; ifj"kn~
mlosQ ikl HkstrhA 1874 osQ lkafoèkkfud iqufuZjh{k.k us la?kh; U;k;ky; osQ laxBu vkSj vfèkdkjksa esa dqN egÙowi.kZ
ifjorZu yk;kA ysfdu ;s ifjorZu cgqr izHkkoh rFkk ØkfUrdkjh ugha FksA lafoèkku dh èkkjk 106 esa osQoy bruk gh
dgk x;k fd ¶la?kh; U;k;kfèkdj.k dh LFkkiuk dh tk; tks la?kh; vfèkdkj {ks=k osQ lEcUèk esa U;k; dh O;oLFkk
djsxkA ¶fiQj Hkh] bls vfèkdkj {ks=k esa la?kh; fofèk;ksa rFkk lafoèkkukfrfjDr fodklksa (Extra-constitutional

development) }kjk fujUrj o`f¼ gksrh jgh gSA vkt la?kh; U;k;ky; lgh ekus esa ns'k dk loksZPp U;k;ky; cu
x;k gS] ;gh lgh gS fd oÙkZeku fLFkfr dks izkIr djus esa bls vU; la?kh; vaxksa dh rqyuk esa cgqr vfèkd le;
yxkA ;g fofèk osQ ,dhdj.k rFkk fLol turk osQ vfèkdkjksa dh j{kk osQ lEcUèk esa egÙoiw.kZ ikVZ vnk djrk gSA

,edek=k la?kh; U;k;ky; % la;qDr&jkT; vesfjdk esa la?kh; U;k;ky; (Federal Court) dk laxBu ,d fijkfeM
(pyramid) dh rjg gS ftlosQ 'kh"kZ ij loksZPp gS loksZPp U;k;ky; rFkk blosQ vèkhu vusd fuEu U;k;ky; gSA
ysfdu fLoV~tjySaM esa leLr la?kh; {ks=k osQ fy, osQoy ,d gh U;k;ky; gS ftls la?kh; U;k;ky; (Federal

Tribunal) dgrs gSaA
;g ns'k dk ,dek=k rFkk loksZPp la?kh; U;k;ky; gSA blosQ vrfjDr la?kh; èkjkry ij fuEu U;k;ky;
(Subordinate Courts) ugha gSA
U;k;èkh'kksa dh la[;k% la?kh; U;k;ky; osQ laxBu osQ lacaèk eas lafoèkku dksbZ fu'p; ugha djrkA og fliQZ bruk
vkns'k nsrk gS fd fofèk gh la?kh; U;k;ky; vkSj mlosQ mi;ksxksa osQ laxBu dh jhfr] mlosQ lnL;ksa vkSj mi&lnL;ksa
dh la[;k ,oa mudh inkofèk rFkk osru vkfn osQ lEcUèk esa fu.kZ; djsxhA bl izdkj lafoèkku U;k;kèkh'kksa dh la[;k
(number of judges) fuf'pr ugha djrk gSA ;g vfèkdkj la?kh; lHkk dks lkSai fn;k x;k gS tks vius lnuksa osQ
la;qDr vfèkos'ku esa U;k;kèkh'kksa dk fuokZpu djrh gSA iQyr% ;g la[;k fujUrj ifjorZu'khy jgh gSA 1875 bZú
esa U;k;kèkh'kksa dh la[;k 9 FkhA ijUrq 1943 bZú esa ,d fofèk }kjk bl la[;k dks iqu% fuèkkZfjr fd;k x;kA U;k;kèkh'kksa
dh la[;k 9 ls c<+dj 26&28 dj nh x;hA buosQ vfrfjDr mi&U;k;kèkh'kksa (Alternate of Deputy Judges) dh
Hkh fu;qfDr dh tkrh gSA ftudh la[;k 11&13 gksrh gSA bl le; la?kh; U;k;kfèkdj.k esa 26 U;k;kèkh'k rFkk 12
oSdfYid U;k;kèkh'k gSA mi&U;k;kèkh'k dh vuqifLFkfr esa muosQ in ij dk;Z djrs gSaA la?kh; lHkk] la?k&U;k;ky;
osQ U;k;kèkh'kksa esa ls gh ,d vè;{k (President) vkSj ,d mikè;{k (Vice-President) dks nks o"kks± osQ fy, fuokZfpr
djrh gSA
dk;Zdky % U;k;kèkh'kksa ,oa mi&U;k;kèkh'kksa dk fuokZpu 6 o"kZ osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ;g Hk; Fkk fd fuokZpu i¼fr
rFkk 6 o"kZ osQ vYidky osQ dkj.k U;k;kèkh'kksa ij jktuhfrd izHkko iM+rk rFkk mldh fu"i{krk ,oa dk;Zdq'kyrk lekIr
gks tkrhA ysfdu U;k;kèkh'kksa osQ fuokZpu osQ pyrs ;g Hk; tkrk jgkA fuokZpu dh O;oLFkk osQ ifj.kkeLo:i U;k;kèkh'kksa
dk dk;Zdky (Tunure) LFkk;h&lk gks tkrk gSA ;g ijEijk cu x;h gS fd tcrd os bPNqd gks mldk ckj&ckj
iqufuZokZpu gksrk jgrk gSA osQoy vè;{k vkSj mikè;{k osQ iqufuZokZpu ugha gks ldrs gSaA
vgZrk,¡ % lafoèkku U;k;kèkh'kksa dh ;ksX;rkvksa vkSj vgZrkvksa (Qualifications) osQ lEcUèk esa ekSu gS fliQZ bruk
gh dgk x;k gS fd dksbZ Hkh ukxfjd tks jk"Vªh; ifj"kn~ (National Council) dh lnL;rk dh vgZrk j[krk gks]
la?kh; U;k;ky; dk U;k;kèkh'k fu;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA vr% oxkZfèkdkjh] U;k;kèkh'k fuokZfpr ugha gks ldrs D;ksafd
jk"Vªh; ifj"kn~ dh lnL;rk muosQ fy, oftZr gSA blosQ vfrfjDr ;g Hkh è;ku esa j[kk tkrk gS fd rhuksa jktdh;
Hkk"kkvksa] eq[; jktuhfrd nyksa] ,oa dSFkksfyd rFkk izksVsLVsUV nksuksa èkeks± dks U;k;ky; esa mfpr izfrfufèkRo feysA

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 235