Page 245 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_HINDI

rqyukRed jktuhfr vkSj ljdkj

uksV osQ dkj.k Úkal osQ yksxksa dh oS;fDrd LorU=krk fujkin gksrh jgrh gSA ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa osQ fo:¼ lqyHk
U;k; vU; fdlh iz.kkyh esa lEHko ugha gSA
z la;qDr&jkT; vesfjdk esa la?kh; U;k;ky; (Federal Court) dk laxBu ,d fijkfeM (pyramid) dh rjg
Z
gS ftlosQ 'kh"kZ ij loksZPp gS loksZPp U;k;ky; rFkk loksPp U;k;ky; osQ vèkhu vusd fuEu U;k;ky; gSaA ysfdu
fLoV~tjySaM esa leLr la?kh; {ks=k osQ fy, osQoy ,d gh U;k;ky; gS ftls la?kh; U;k;ky; (Federal Tribunal)
dgrs gSaA
z ;g ns'k dk ,dek=k rFkk loksZPp la?kh; U;k;ky; gSA blosQ vrfjDr la?kh; èkjkry ij fuEu U;k;ky;
(Subordinate Courts) ugha gSA gsujh f}rh; us 'kklu dks liQyrkiwoZd pyk;k vkSj jktra=k dks n`< cuk;kA
ysfdu] mlls v;ksX; mÙkjkfèkdkfj;ksaμfjpMZ çFke vkSj tkWu dh xyr uhfr;ksa us Økafr dh vkx HkM+dk nh_
leFkZdksa us mldk lkFk NksM+ fn;kA vUr esa] cSjksuh us tkWu dks viuh 'krks± dks ekuus osQ fy, ckè; fd;kA
iQyr%] mls eSXukdkVkZ (Magna Carta) ftls ^ek¡x&jkti=k (The Great Charter) dgrs gSa] ij viuh eatwjh
nsuk iM+hA ;g jkti=k fo'o dk ugha rks de&ls&de xzsV fczVsu dk lcls egÙoiw.kZ ys[k vo'; gSA mUuhloha
'krkCnh esa fo'ki fcfy;e LVCl (Bishop Wiliam Stubbs) us dgk Fkk fd fczfV'k lafoèkku dk iwjk bfrgkl
bl egku jkti=k dh ,d O;k[;k gSA
z la?kh; U;k;ky; osQ laxBu osQ lEcUèk eas lafoèkku dksbZ fu'p; ugha djrkA og fliQZ bruk vkns'k nsrk gS
fd fofèk gh la?kh; U;k;ky; vkSj mlosQ mi;ksxksa osQ laxBu dh jhfr] mlosQ lnL;ksa vkSj mi&lnL;ksa dh la[;k
,oa mudh inkofèk rFkk osru vkfn osQ lacaèk esa fu.kZ; djsxhA

z 1875 bZú esa U;k;kèkh'kksa dh la[;k 9 FkhA ijUrq 1943 bZú esa ,d fofèk }kjk bl la[;k dks iqu% fuèkkZfjr fd;k
x;kA U;k;kèkh'kksa dh la[;k 9 ls c<+dj 26&28 dj nh x;hA buosQ vfrfjDr mi&U;k;kèkh'kksa (Alternate of Deputy

Judges) dh Hkh fu;qfDr dh tkrh gSA ftudh la[;k 11&13 gksrh gSA bl le; la?kh; U;k;kfèkdj.k esa 26 U;k;kèkh'k
rFkk 12 oSdfYid U;k;kèkh'k gSA ;g mi&U;k;kèkh'k dh vuqifLFkfr esa muosQ in ij dk;Z djrs gSaA

z U;k;kèkh'kksa ,oa mi&U;k;kèkh'kksa dk fuokZpu 6 o"kZ osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ;g Hk; Fkk fd fuokZpu i¼fr
rFkk 6 o"kZ osQ vYidky osQ dkj.k U;k;kèkh'kksa ij jktuhfrd izHkko iM+rk rFkk mldh fu"i{krk ,oa
dk;Zdq'kyrk lekIr gks tkrhA
z la?kh; U;k;ky; dk LFkk;h LFkku ok¡M (Vand) uked dSaVu dh jktèkkuh ykstku uxj gSA
z dk;Z dh lqfoèkk osQ n`f"Vdks.k ls fLol U;k;ky; dks pkj foHkkxksa esa ck¡V fn;k x;k gSA bues nks foHkkx nhokuh
eqdneksa ij fopkj djrs gSa] rhljk foHkkx lkoZtfud fofèk lEcUèkh fooknksa ij fopkj djrk gS vkSj pkSFkk
foHkkx ½.k rFkk nhokfu;ksa ls lEcfUèkr eqdneksa ij fopkj djrk gSA bu foHkkxkas dk laxBu iwjk U;k;ky;
nks o"kksZ osQ fy, djrk gSA

z la?kh; U;k;ky; osQ vfèkdkj&{ks=k dks fuEufyf[kr pkj oxks± esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
(i) nhokuh (Civil)
(ii) iQkStnkjh (Criminal)
(iii) lkafoèkkfud (Constitutional) vkSj
(iv) iz'kkldh; (Administrative)
z la;qDr&jkT; vesfjdk esa 'kklu dk izeq[k fl¼kar lafoèkku dh loksZPprk gSA lafoèkku dh loksZifjrk osQ j{kkFkZ
U;k;ky;ksa dks ,d egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z lkSaik x;k gS fd og foèkkf;dk rFkk dk;Zikfydk dks fu;fU=kr djsA pw¡fd lafoèkku
loksZifj gS] blfy, dk;Zikfydk ,oa foèkkf;dk lafoèkku }kjk fuèkkZfjr lhekvksa osQ varxZr gh dk;Z djs vkSj loksZPp
U;k;ky; ;g ns[ks fd os lafoèkku dk myya?ku rks ugha dj jgs gSA bl izdkj loksZPp U;k;ky; dks ^lafoèkku dk
laj{kd rFkk vfHkHkkod (Custodian and Guardian of the Constitution) cuk fn;k x;k gSA ftlosQ pyrs

240 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY