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rqyukRed jktuhfr vkSj ljdkj

uksV fu.kZ; nsus osQ fy, LorU=k gS] iwoZdkyhu U;kf;d n`"VkUrksa esa og ckè; ugha gSA blosQ foijhr baXySaM esa vfèkdka'k
fofèk;k¡ U;k;èkh'kksa }kjk fufeZr gSA ogk¡ iwoZdkyhu U;kf;d n`"Vkrksa dk leknj fd;k tkrk gS blfy, ,slh fofèk;ksa
dk ogk¡ fodkl gksrk gSA
(3) iz'kkldh; vax (Administrative Organ): Úkal esa U;k;ikfydk dks ewyr% iz'kkldh; vax ekuk x;k
gSA equjks osQ 'kCnksa esa ¶U;k;ikfydk dks foèkkf;dk vkSj dk;Zikfydk ls fHkUu 'kklu osQ ,d Lora=k vax osQ :i
esa ekuus dh vknr Úkalhlh turk esa ugha gSA os Mkd?kjksa dh Hkk¡fr U;k;ky;ksa dks Hkh osQoy iz'kkldh; 'kk[kkvksa
osQ :i esa ekurs gSaA blosQ foijhr baXySaM esa U;k;ikfydk dks ljdkj dk ,d LorU=k vax ekuk tkrk gSA
(4) U;kf;d iqufoZyksdu dk vHkko (Absence of Judicial Review): Úkal esa U;k;kikfydk iz'kklu dk
,d vèkhuLFk vax gSA blfy, mls laln }kjk fufeZr dkuwuksa dh laoSèkkfudrk dh tk¡p djus dk vfèkdkj ugha gSA
;g dk;Z ,d vU; laLFkk] laoSèkkfud ifj"kn~ (Constitutional Council) dks lqiqnZ fd;k x;k gSA ysfdu Hkkjr
rFkk vesfjdk esa ;g dk;Z fu;fer U;k;ky;ksa dks lkSaik x;k gSA bu ns'kksa esa U;k;ky;ksa dks foèkkf;dk }kjk fufeZZr
fofèk;ksa dh laoSèkkfudrk dh tk¡p djus dk vfèkdkj gSA

(5) U;kf;d Lora=krk (Independence of Judiciary)% Úkal esa U;k;kèkh'kksa dks mruh LorU=krk izkIr gS fturh
fd baXySaM rFkk vesfjdk esaA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd Úkal esa U;k;kèkh'k ljdkj osQ U;k;&foHkkx esa dke djrs gSa
lkFk gh os ljdkjh odhy dk dke djrs gS vkSj U;k; ea=kky; osQ izfr mÙkjnk;h gksrs gSaA

(6) fu;qfDr (Appointment): Úkal esa U;k;kèkh'kksa dh fu;qfDr dh iz.kkyh Hkh vU; ns'kksa ls fHkUu gSA izfr;ksfxrk
ijh{kk osQ vkèkkj ij mudh fu;qfDr mPp U;kf;d ifj"kn~ (The High Council of Judiciary) osQ }kjk gksrh gSA
ysfdu baXySaM] vesfjdk] Hkkjr vkfn ns'kksa esa izk;% lqfo[;kr vkSj mPp dksfV osQ odhyksa dks U;k;kèkh'k fu;qDr fd;k
tkrk gSA
(7) LFkkuh; U;k;ky; (Local Courts): lHkh Úkalhlh U;k;ky; LFkkuh; gksrs gSaA mudh cSBd fuf'pr LFkkuksa
esa gh gksrh gSA os nkSjs ij ugha tkrs gSaA
(8) }Sèk U;k; O;oLFkk (Double System of Courts) : Úkal esa nks izdkj osQ U;k;ky; ik;s tkrs gSa&lkekU;
U;k;ky; (Ordinary Courts) vkSj iz'kkldh; U;k;ky; (Administrative Courts) lkekU; U;k;ky; xSj&ljdkjh
O;fDr;ksa osQ eqdneksa dk fu.kZ; djrs gSaA iz'kkldh; U;k;ky; ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa osQ vijkèkksa ls lEcfUèkr eqdneksa
dk fu.kZ; djrs gS vkSj os fHkUu izdkj dh fofèk;ksa dks ykxw djrs gSa ftUgas dkuwu (Administrative Laws) dgrs gSaA

(9) lkewfgdrk dk fl¼kar (Doctrine of Collegiality) : Úkal es U;k; osQ lacaèk esa èkkj.kk ;g gS fd U;k;
djus osQ fy, dbZ efLr"dksa dk laxfBr fopkj&foe'kZ vko';d gSA dksbZ Hkh fu.kZ; de&ls&de rhu U;k;kèkh'kksa
dh Li"V lgefr ls fn;k tkrk gSA

U;k;ky;ksa dk laxBu (Organisation of Courts): Úkal esa U;k;ky;ksa dk laxBu ,dhd`r ugha gS] cfYd
la?kkRed gSA U;kf;d izkfèkdkj dk fdlh ,d laLFkk esa laosQæ.k ugha gksrk gS] cfYd ikap izdkj osQ i`Fkd&i`Fkd
U;k;ky; gSa&
(d) lkekU; U;k;ky; (Ordinary Courts),
([k) iz'kkldh; U;k;ky; (Administrative Courts),
(x) laoSèkkfud ifj"kn~ (Constitutional Council),

(?k) mPp U;kf;d ifj"kn~ (The High Council of Judiciary), rFkk
(M) U;k; dk mPp U;k;ky; (The High Court of Justice)

(d) lkekU; U;k;ky; (Ordianry Courts) % bu U;k;ky;ksa esa fliQZ xSjljdkjh O;fDr;ksa ls lEcfUèkr eqdneksa
dh lquokbZ gksrh gSA

230 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY