Page 49 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_HINDI

rqyukRed jktuhfr vkSj ljdkj

uksV

vjLrw us jktuhfrd LFkkf;Ro o ØkfUr;ksa osQ dkj.kksa dks le>us osQ fy, gh ;wuku osQ
uxj&jkT;ksa osQ 158 lafoèkkuksa dh rqyuk dh FkhA blhfy, vjLrw dks rqyukRed i¼fr
dk izorZd dgk tkrk gSA

rqyukRed i¼fr dh leL;k,¡ (Problems of Comparative Method)

jktuhfrd O;ogkj ls lacafèkr rqyukRed fo'ys"k.kksa esa rqyukRed i¼fr dk iz;ksx izeq[kr;k nks dkj.kksa ls gks tkrk
gSA ,d rks i`"BHkwfe ifjoR;ks± (back ground variables) dh la[;k dh leL;k jgrh gS rFkk nwljh leL;k ,d
ls izR;;h <kaps osQ vkèkkj ij gh mnkgj.kksa osQ p;u osQ dkj.k osQlst (cases) dh la[;k esa cgqr deh dh gSA
jktuhfrd thou esa djksM+ksa O;fDr;ksa dh xfrfofèk;k¡ lfEefyr jgrh gSaA ;g xfrfofèk;k¡ o mu lc O;fDr;ksa dk
O;ogkj izfreku vusd rRoksa ls izHkkfor gksrk gSA vkfFkZd fLFkfr;ksa ls ysdj tyok;q rd o HkkSxksfyd fo'ks"krkvksa
ls ,sfrgkfld nq?kZVukvksa rd dk izR;{k ;k vizR;{k izHkko 'kkldksa o ljdkjksa osQ O;ogkj ij iM+rk gSA rqyukRed
i¼fr osQ iz;ksx esa bu ifjoR;ks± dh leL;k vR;fèkd tfVy gS D;ksafd jktuhfrd O;ogkj] gj Lrj ij gj {k.k
buls izHkkfor gksrk jgrk gSA blfy, rqyukvksa dks ;FkkFkZoknh cukus osQ fy, bu i`"BHkwfe ifjoR;ks± dh u osQoy
tkudkjh gh vko';d gS oju~ budh igpku Hkh t:jh gSA ;g ifjoR;ks± dh vla[;rk] tfVyrk] buosQ eki dh
dfBukbZ bR;kfn budh tkudkjh lEHko gh ugha gksus nsrh gSA nwljh dfBukbZ mnkgj.kksa dh la[;k dh gSA rqyukRed
i¼fr osQ iz;ksx osQ fy, vusd ugha rks Hkh dkiQh mnkgj.k vko';d gSA bu leL;kvksa dk mUewyu rks lEHko gS
gh ughaA ijUrq buls cpus osQ fy, lkekU;r% nks mik; fd, tkrs gSaA ,d rks rqyukRed fo'ys"k.k dks rqyukRed
fLFkfr;ksa ij gh osQfUær fd;k tkrk rFkk nwljk] rqyukRed fo'ys"k.k dks izeq[k ifjoR;ks± ij vkèkkfjr j[kk tk,A
blls mijksDr leL;kvksa dk vkaf'kd :i ls lekèkku gks tk,xk rFkk rqyukRed fo'ys"k.k djus esa ljyrk jgsxhA
rqyukRed i¼fr osQ vFkZ] izd`fr rFkk {ksË osQ o.kZu ls Li"V gks tkrk gS fd ;g i¼fr jktuhfrd vè;;uksa esa
vfèkdkfèkd iz;qDr gksxhA bl i¼fr dh oSKkfud] iz;ksxkRed rFkk lakf[;dh fofèk;ksa ls Js"Brk osQ dkj.k rqyukRed
jktuhfr osQ vè;;u esa bldk mi;ksx c<+rk tk jgk gSA

2-3 rqyukRed jktuhfr osQ vè;;u osQ ijEijkxr mikxe (Traditional Approach
to the Study of Comparative Politics)

ijEijkxr mikxe & jktuhfr osQ ewY;&Hkkfjr vè;;u ij cy

jktuhfr osQ vè;;u osQ mikxeksa dks eksVs rkSj ij nks oxks± esa ckaVk tk ldrk gS&ekuijd (normatice) vkSj
O;kogkjijd (empirical) ekuijd mikxe dks ewY;&eqDr (value free) osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA nwljs
'kCnksa esa] tgk¡ igys dh fo'ks"krk fu;kedrk gS nwljs dh fo'ks"krk O;ogkjokn gSA vr% bl ckjs esa gekjs oxhZdj.k
dk vkèkkj rF;&ewY; (fact value) lEcUèk gSaA blosQ vkèkkj ij ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd tcfd ijEijkxr
mikxeksa dk >qdko ^ewY;ksa* dh vksj gksrk gS] nwljk mikxe ^rF;ksa* dk lgkjk ysrk gSA bldk ifj.kke rF;&ewY;
}U} (dichotomy) fuèkkZjd dkjd cu tkrk gSA ijEijkxr mikxeksa dk Lo:i ,sfrgkfld] fooj.kkRed vkSj
vkns'kkRed gS ftlesa ewY;ksa vkSj y{;ksa osQ fy;s izeq[k LFkku gSA mudh fofHkUu fdLeksa dh ppkZ uhps dh tk
jgh gSA
1- nk'kZfud mikxe% jktuhfr osQ vè;;u osQ fy, lcls iqjkuk mikxe nk'kZfud (philosophical appraoch)
gS ftls vkpkj'kkL=kh; mikxe osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA ;gk¡ jkT;] ljdkj vkSj ekuo dk jktuhfrd lÙkk osQ
:i esa vè;;u dqN mís';ksa] uSfrd f'k{kkvksa] lR;ksa ;k mPp fl¼krksa osQ vuqlj.k osQ lkFk vfHkUu :i ls tqM+k
gqvk gS tks leLr Kku vkSj okLrfodrk esa varfuZfgr gksrk gSA bl {ks=k esa jktuhfr dk vè;;u euu'khy Lo:i

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