Page 168 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_PUNJABI

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fJekJh^7L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk–ekoigkfbek
fJekJh^7L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk–ekoigkfbek
fJekJh^7L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk–ekoigkfbek
fJekJh^7L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk–ekoigkfbek
;bkwh fdZsh iKdh ;h. okiszso d/ nzsors ;wokN Bz{ i' ;BwkB fwbd/ jB T[j ;ko/ okPNogsh Bz{ gqkgs BØN
j[zd/ ;B. T[j okPNo dh J/esk dk gqshe ns/ okiBhfse dbpzdh s'A T[s/ ;wfMnk iKdk ;h. ;zeNekbhB
nt;EktKtK ftu T[j wjZstg{oB ezwK dk ;zgkdB eodk ;h ns/ okPNo dk B/sk pD iKdk ;h. pj[dbhJ/
ftnt;Ek d/ ekoB wzsohwzvb d/ fBowkD ftu T[;Bz{ gfonkgs ftt/e ns/ p[ZXh dk gq:'r eoBk g?Adk ;h.
nB[Gt ns/ :'rsk d/ nB[gkd ftu gqPk;B d/ ezwK ftu T[j gfonkgs B?fse ns/ okiBhfse gqGkt gkT[Adk
fB:[w/B d/ PpdK ftu
fB:[w/B
;h wzsohwzvb dh ;fEsosk pDk e/ oyD ftu T[;dk pj[s t~vk jZE ;h. ;' fB:[w/B fB:[w/B
fB:[w/B
okPNogsh gd ftu cqK; d/ gqkuhB r"ot dh Mbe fwbdh j?. fJ; ftu oki dh gqfsPmk fwbdh j?. fJ;
gd dk nzs rDszso dk G{s ns/ toswkB r"ot dk nzs j?.
1958 JhH d/ ;zftXkB ftu fJj fu~so g{oD gfotofss j' frnk. fJ;dh PeshnK ftnkge sK j' rJh
jB, Bkb–Bkb nwoheh okPNogsh dh soQK Pk;B dh tk;sfte pkrv'o th T[/;d/ j~EK ftu nk rJh j?.
wzsohwzvb ns/ ;z;d T[s/ T[;dk g{oB fBnzsoD j' frnk j?. T[;d/ ;zeNekbhB nfXeko B/ T[;dh Pesh
Bz{ pj[s fInkdk tXk fd~sk j?. T[j d/P ns/ ;zftXkB dk o~fyne th j' frnk j?. T[;h ngko PeshnK ns/
T[;d/ tk;sfte gq:'r d/ nkXko T[s/ cqK;h;h ;kfwntkdh B/sk w'fo; E'o/iw'fo; E'o/i B/ fJj th fejk j? fe
w'fo; E'o/i
w'fo; E'o/i
w'fo; E'o/i
g'qH J/o'B
okPNogsh Bz{ Bt/A ;zftxkB ftu 19thA Pskpdh d/ ;wokNK s'A th fInkdk PeshnK gaqkgs jB. g'qH J/o'Bg'qH J/o'B
g'qH J/o'B
g'qH J/o'B
B/ cqK; d/ okPNogsh dh s[bBk nw/foek d/ okPNogsh s'A eod/ j'J/ fbfynk j? fe ekri T[s/ cqK; dk
okPNogsh nwfoek d/ okPNogsh s'A x~N PeshPkbh j?. ;koh uhIK d/ pkti{d gzitK rDszso fJe ;z;dh
;oeko dh ;EkgBk eodk j?. fJ;dk ;p{s fJj j? fe ;oeko okPNoh ;Gk d/ gqsh T[sodkJh jB okPNogsh
d/ gqsh BjhA. nzs ftu g'qH J/o'B d/ PpdK ftu jh “okPNogsh–gd dk ftek; d' gqeko s'A j' ;edk j?.
i/ ;kXkoD ftnesh okPNogsh j't/ sK T[j wkso ;oeko dk ;otP/qPm ;bkjeosk iK ;otT[Zu wfXn;E
pD e/ ofj ;edk j?, sd ;zftXkB ;oeko dh soc'A ftef;s j'J/rk ns/ nro T[j nkgD/ nfXeko dk gq:'r
eoBk ukjz[dk j't/ sK ;zxoP w'b bt/rk – ;G s'A gfjbK nkgD/ gqXkBwzsoh d/ Bkb ns/ pknd ftu okPNoh
;~sk d/ Bkb.

oPhnk dk okPNogsh
oPhnk dk okPNogsh
oPhnk dk okPNogsh
oPhnk dk okPNogsh (President of Russia)
oPhnk dk okPNogsh
w[yh gqDkbh
w[yh gqDkbh
Pk;B gqDkbh d/ g~Xo T[s/ w[yh gqDkbhw[yh gqDkbh (President System) ns/ ;z;d gqDkbh;z;d gqDkbh (Parliamentary
w[yh gqDkbh
;z;d gqDkbh
;z;d gqDkbh
;z;d gqDkbh
dk fwPqD
dk fwPqD
dk fwPqD
System) dk fwPqDdk fwPqD fsnko eoB dk isB ehsk frnk j?. w[yh gqDkbh dh soQK fJZE'A fJe PeshPkbh
okPNogsh
okPNogsh
okPNogsh
okPNogsh (President) dh ftnt;Ek ehsh rJh j?, ns/ ;z;dh gqDkbh dh soQK fJZE/ fJe PeshPkbh
okPNogsh
;zxh ;Gk
;z;d ;zxh ;Gk (Federal Assembly) fejk iKdk j?.
;zxh ;Gk
;z;d
;z;d
;z;d (Parliament) dh ftnt;Ek ehsh rJh j? fi;B{z ;zxh ;Gk;zxh ;Gk
;z;d
okPNogsh oki dk w[yh (Head of State) j? i' f;~X/ iB;kXkoD d[nkok uko ;kbK d/ bJh u[fDnK iKdk
j?l T[;Bz{ brksko d' tko s'A nZr/ BjhA u[fDnk ik ;edk. T[j ;zftXkB dk ;ozzfyne j?, ns/ ;P;sq ;?BktK
dk ;otT[Zu (Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces) th j?. T[j gqXkBwzsoh (Prime Minister)
ns/ wzsoh gfoPd (Council of Ministers) ns/ wzsohwvb (Cabinet) dh fB:[esh eodk j?. fi; ftu
brGr 30 w?Apo oy/ iKd/ jB. fJBQK dh fB:[esh d/ bJh ;z;d (Parliament) dk nB[w'dB io{oh j[zdk
j?. okPNogsh fJe nzsozr wzsohwzvb (Kitchen Cabinet) dh ;bkj Bkb ezw eodk j? fi; ftu T[;d/
ftPt;s fw~so ns/ T[ZukfXekoh Pkwb j[zd/ jB. wzsohwzvb Bz{ ;~sk ftu ofjD d/ bJh ;z;d dk ftPtk;
gqkgs j'Dk ukjhdk.
okPNogsh nkfrnkgshnK (Decrees) ikoh eo ;edk j?. i' ekBz{B dh soQK wkBsk tkbh j't/rh. gozs{ fJj
nkfrnkgshnK gqufbs ekBz{B d/ fto[~X BjhA j'Dh ukjhdh. fco ;z;d fJBQK Bz{ fBo;s th eo ;edh j?.
d{ih soc, okPNogsh th ;z;d d[nkok gk; ftX/ne (Bill) Bz{ ekBz{B pDB s' o'e ;edk j?. T[j ;z;d
noEks ;zxh ;Gk (Federal Assembly) d/ gqsh nkgD/ ;kbkBk nfGGkPB (Annual Address) d/
nzsors ;oeko dh okiBhfse ns/ nkofEe Bhsh dk fBo{gD eo ;edk j?. d/P dh o~fynk (Defence)
dh fIzw/tkoh ;zGkbD d/ bJh okPNogsh ;[oZfynk–gfoPd (Security Council) fB:[es eodk j? fi;dk
w[yh T[j nkg j[zdk j?. T[j e/Adoh p?Ae (Central Bank) d/ w[yh (Chairpeson), wjk–nfG:'ie
(Prosecutor General) ns/ fBnKgkfbek (Judiciary) d/ gqw[Zy w?ApoK dh fB:[esh dk gq;skt ;z;d d/
e'b G/idk j? iBtoh 1994 d/ pknd ;zoZfynk–;/tktK, rqfj wzsokfbnk, oZfynk wzsokfbnk ns/ ftd/P

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