Page 165 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_PUNJABI

s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko
BØN iBsk dk pj[ws BjhA. fJ; gqeko 1876 JhH ftu j/i (Hayse) Bz{ fNbvB (Tilden) s'A eohp 3 bZy
t'N xN fwb/ ;B, fco th T[j fBotkfus x'fPs j'fJnk. fJ; gqeko edh–edh nbgws okPNogsh
(Minority President) fBotkfus j' iKd/ jB gozs{ ;[GkrtP nfijk x~N j[zdk j?.
) T[whdtko dh nghb Pesh T[s/ i'o
) T[whdtko dh nghb Pesh T[s/ i'o –
) T[whdtko dh nghb Pesh T[s/ i'o –
) T[whdtko dh nghb Pesh T[s/ i'o –
( ( ( ( (ii) T[whdtko dh nghb Pesh T[s/ i'o – – okPNoh ;zw/bB (National Convention) dh g~Xsh B/
fBotkuB Bz{ d'Pg{oB pDkfJnk j?. fJ;d/ ubd/ okPNogsh d/ fBotkuB T[s/ iB–;w{j dk gqGkt fInkdk
tX frnk j?. ;' okPNogsh d/ wB'BfJB d/ bJh nfGnoEh dh :'rsk T[s/ x~N jh fXnkB fdZsk iKdk j?l
pbfe nfij/ ftnesh Bz{ T[whdtko u[fDnk iKdk j? i' fInkdk s'A fInkdk b'eK dh nghb eo ;e/, fit/A Xow
fto'Xh, T[rqtkdh, nzsookPNoh y/so ftu nB[dko ns/ o'wB e?E'fbe j't/.
) ftfPPN ftneshnK dk fBotkuB BjhA – fJj fejk iKdk j? fe okPNoh ;zw/bBK d/ ekoB jh
) ftfPPN ftneshnK dk fBotkuB BjhA –
) ftfPPN ftneshnK dk fBotkuB BjhA –
( ( ( ( (iii) ftfPPN ftneshnK dk fBotkuB BjhA –
) ftfPPN ftneshnK dk fBotkuB BjhA –
gqfsGkPkbh ftnesh okPNogsh gd d/ bJh yV/ BjhA j' ;ed/ jB. w[Bo' B/ fejk th j? fe ;z:[es oki
nw/foek pj[s/ ftneshnK Bz{ okPNogsh gd T[s/ ;[P'fGs BjhA eo ;fenk i' ;uw[u ftfPPN okiBhfsr
;B, fit/A – j/fwbNB, wkoPb, p/p;No, e?bNb, j/o{N nkfd. bkov pqkJh; B/ th fJe gqPB ehsk j?,
“wjkB ftnesh okPNogsh feT[A BjhA u[D/ iKd/ jB<” fJ;dk w[Zy ekoB fJj j? fe okPNoh ;zw/bB d/
gqshfBXh n;zrs, n;?XKfse ns/ ;tkoEg{oB jz[d/ jB fiBQK d/ Bshi/ ti'A ;wM"s/ d[nkok jh fe;/ T[whdtko
Bz{ u[fDnK iKdk j?l T[;d/ r[DK T[s/ xN fXnkB fdZsk iKdk j?. fJ;d/ nbktk gqshfBXh ;[szso BjhA j[zd/, T[BQK
d ftuko ftftX gqGktK d/ Bshi// jB, T[BQK T[s/ nB/ek–nB/e gqsZy ns/ ngqsZy gqGkt g?Ad/ jB, fit/A
/
XBghnK, ftfGzB okiK d/ gqshFfBXh wzvb d/ ftu b?D–d/D, g?q; d[nkok gquko ns/ rbs–;jh nctkjK d/
gqGkt. gozs{ fJ; nb'uBk dk fJj noE BjhA fe okPNogsh gd T[s/ edh ftfPPN ftnesh nk;hB jh
Bk j' ;e/. tkfPzrNB, w/vh;B, i/co;B, fbzeB, ftb;B, d't/A o{it/bi nkfd ftfPPN ftneshst d/
T[dkjoD jB. i/eo e'Jh ftfPPN ftnesh jko th frnk sK fe;h–fe;h ekoB Bkb jh.
) T[whdtko Bz{ Pk;B dk g{ot nB[Gt BjhA –
) T[whdtko Bz{ Pk;B dk g{ot nB[Gt BjhA –
( ( ( ( (iv) T[whdtko Bz{ Pk;B dk g{ot nB[Gt BjhA –) T[whdtko Bz{ Pk;B dk g{ot nB[Gt BjhA – – bk;eh d/ tesftn Bkb nwoheh okPNogsh dh
) T[whdtko Bz{ Pk;B dk g{ot nB[Gt BjhA
fBotkuB–g~Xsh d'Pg{oB fdZydh j?. T[;dk efjDk j? fe nwoheh okPNogsh Bz{ Pk;B dk g{oB nB[Gt
ftob/ jh ofjzdk j? id fe fpqfNP gqXkBwzsoh fJ; gd T[s/ nk;hB j'D s'A gfjbK gfonkgs nB[Gt, eKro;
ns/ wzsoh wzvbK dh w?ApofPg nkfd okPNogsh d/ bJh ftP/P r[D BjhA ;wfMnk iKdk j?. fit/A fe bk;eh
B/ fejk j? “T[ZE/ tehb, ;?fBe, feokJ/ Bkb nkwdB gqkgs eoB tkb/ ftnesh, okiBhfsr, iK okiBhsh
s'A ihtek ubkT[D tkbk ftnesh – fJBQK torK s'A T[whdtko fBotkfus j[zd/ jB.”
cqK;h;h okPNogsh
cqK;h;h okPNogsh
cqK;h;h okPNogsh (French Presidenty)
cqK;h;h okPNogsh
cqK;h;h okPNogsh
u"E/ rDszso dk ;zftXkB fpqfNP ;zftXkB dh soQK g{oBsk ;z;dkswe (Parliamentary) ;h. tk;sfte
Pk;B–Pesh wzsohgfoPd d/ j~E ftu ;h. okPNogsh Bkw wkso dk iK ;zftXkfBe (Nominal or
Constitutional) ekoigkfbek–gqXkB ;h. T[j PeshjhB ;h. n~p/ bks/ B/ fJ; gd dk fJewkso r[D
Bg[z;esk d~f;nk j? gozs{ gzuw rDszso ftu okPNgsh dh ;fEsh ftu eqKshekoh gfotosD j'fJnk j? fJ;
ftu okPNogsh dh Pesh ftu ngko tkXk j'fJnk j? ns/ wzsohgfoPd ns/ ;z;d dh PeshnK ftu jqk;.
cqK; d/ fJe ;kpek gqXkBwzsoh w/Avhi cqK; d/ nB[;ko okPNogsh fJe ntPkB[rs okik pDkfJnk frnk
j? ns/ nfijhnK PeshnK gqdkB ehshnK rJhnK jB fiBQK ftu T[j nkgD/ Bz{ fJe t?XkfBe nfXBkfJe
pDk ;edk j?. wko;/b gb/ik d/ PpdK, “okPNogsh d/ gfotofss gowkfXekoK Bz{ d/y e/ okik okPNogsh
dh n;[yeo ;fwqshnK ikr T[mdhnK jB.” noE fJj j? fe gzuw rDszso ftu okPNogsh Pk;B dk
;G s'A tZvk PeshPkbh ns/ e/Adoh nzr pDk frnk j?.
okPNogsh dk fBotkuB ( ) :'rsktK L
okPNogsh dk fBotkuB (Election of the President) :'rsktK L
okPNogsh dk fBotkuB (
) :'rsktK L
) :'rsktK L 1946 JhH d/ ;zftXkB ftu
) :'rsktK L
okPNogsh dk fBotkuB (
okPNogsh dk fBotkuB (
okPNogsh gd d/ bJh :'rsktK (Qualifications) dk T[b/y BjhA ;h. f;oc fJzBk fejk frnk ;h fe cqK;
d/ fe;/ ;kpek okitzP dk tzPi fJ; gd bJh T[whdtko BjhA j' ;edk ;h. fJ; T[[gpzX dk T[d/P okiszso
dh d[pkok ;EkgBk Bz{ o'eDk ;h. ;' okitzP d/ ftneshnK Bz{ SZv e/ 18 ;kb s'A fInkdk T[wo tkbk e'Jh
th ftnesh fJ; gd bJh yVk j' ;edk ;h. fInkdk so w~fXnw :'rsk d/ ftnesh okPNogsh fBotkfus
j[zd/ ;B, feT[Afe tk;sfte Pesh d/ nGkt ftu gqGktPkbh ftnesh fJ; gd Bz{ g;zd BjhA eod/ ;B.
gzit/A rDszso dk ;zftXkB th okPNogsh dh :'rsktK d/ ;zzpzX ftu u[~g j?. fJ~E'A se okitzP ;zpzXh gqshpzX

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