Page 162 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_PUNJABI

fJekJh^7L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk–ekoigkfbek
fJekJh^7L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk–ekoigkfbek
fJekJh^7L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk–ekoigkfbek
fJekJh^7L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk–ekoigkfbek
fJekJh^7L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk–ekoigkfbek
fBotkfus eo/rh, w{b ;zftXkB ftu fszB ftneshnK d/ irkj gzi ftneshnK ftu'A u[DB dk ftXkB j?. BØN
d{ik, fBotkue d' ftneshnK d/ gZy ftu wsdkB eod/ ;w/A nkgD/ wsg~so T[s/ fJe ftnesh d/ Bkw
d{ik,
d{ik,
d{ik,
d{ik,
d/ nZr/ ‘okPNogsh’ ns/ d{i/ ftnesh d/ Bkw d/ n~r/ ‘T[gokPNogsh’ fby d/D. w{b ;zftXkB ftu f;oc
d' T[whdtkoK Bz{ ws d/D dh ftne;Ek ;h, okPNogsh ns/ T[gokPNogsh d/ bJh nb~r–nb~r t'N d/D
i/co;B
pZo
pZo Bz{ pokpo t'N gqkgs j'J/. ;'
dk ftXkB BjhA ;h, cb;to{gh 1900 JhH d/ fBotkuB ftu i/co;Bi/co;B pZo
i/co;B ns/ pZo pZo
i/co;B
fJj fBPfsu eoBk efmB j' frnk fe e"D okPNogsh j't/rk ns/ e"D T[gokPNogsh< gqshfBXh ;Gk Bz{
fJ;dk fBoDk eoBk fgnk. gozs{ ;zxoP fJzBk s/i ;h fe 36 tko wsdkB d/ T[gozs jh fBoD/ j' ;fenk.
fJ;/ ;fEsh s'A puD bJh ‘okPNogsh’ ns/ ‘T[gokPNogsh’ dk T[b/y io{oh eo fd~sk frnk j?.
PgE rqfjD –
PgE rqfjD – 1933 d/ gfjbK se fBotkuB d'D d/ brGr 4 wjhB/ pkd 4 wkou Bz{ Bt/A okPNogsh
PgE rqfjD –
PgE rqfjD –
PgE rqfjD –
thjt/A ;zP'XB
d[nkok gd–rqfjD ehsk iKdk ;h. thjt/A ;zP'XB thjt/A ;zP'XB (1933) d[nkok fJ; ftu gfotosD fbnkfJnk frnk.
thjt/A ;zP'XB
thjt/A ;zP'XB
fJ;d/ nB[;ko Bt–fBotkfus okPNogsh j[D 4 wkou Bz{ BjhA pbfe 20 iBtoh Bz{ nkgDk gd rqfjD eodk
j?. fJ; ;zP'XB d/ d[nkok fJj th s? ehsk frnk fe i/ Bt/A okPNogsh dh nkgD/ gd T[s/ nk;hB j'D s'A
g{ot fwqs{ j' iKdh j? sK T[gokPNogsh okPNogsh pD ikJ/rk.
gd rqfjD d/ ;w/A ;otT[Zu fBnKnkfbnk dk w[~y i~i okPNogsh Bz{ PgE rqfjD fdbkT[Adk j?. PgE fJ;
gqeko j? – “w?A rzGhosk Bkb PgE b?Adk jK fe nwfoek d/ okPNogsh gd fBPmkg{ope ezw eoKrk ns/
nkgDh :'rsk T[s/ nw/foek d/ ;zftXkB dk ;ozfynB, ;[o~fynk ns/ gqfsoyPD eoKrk.
(y) ftntjko ftu iBsk d[nkok gqs~y fBotkuB (
(y) ftntjko ftu iBsk d[nkok gqs~y fBotkuB (
(y) ftntjko ftu iBsk d[nkok gqs~y fBotkuB (
(y) ftntjko ftu iBsk d[nkok gqs~y fBotkuB (In Practice Directed Election by the
(y) ftntjko ftu iBsk d[nkok gqs~y fBotkuB (
people)L)L )L)L )L nwoheh ;zftXkB d/ fBowksk okPNogsh d/ fBotkuB d/ bjh nfijh g~Xsh dh y'i ftu ;B
i' ‘j[b~V ns/ nftnt;Ek’ (Tumult and Disorder) s'A d{o j?. cb;o{g T[BQK B/ fBotkue rD
(Electoral College) dh g~Xsh Bz{ ngDk e/ go'y fBotkuB (Indirect Election) dh ftnt;Ek ehsh.
gfjb/ d' fBotkuB ;zzftXkfBe T[gbpX d/ tk;sfte noE d/ nB[e{b ;zgzB j[J/, gozs{ shi/ fBotkuB (1976
JhH) ftu e[M ns/ u"E/ fBotkuB (1800 JhH) d/ ;w/A s'A ;fEsh ftu ;gPN gfotosD j' frnk. dbrs
nkXko s/ fBotkueK B/ i/co;B ns/ p~o (Jefrferson and Burr) iK n?vw; ns/ fgzeBh (Pinckney) B{z
t'N fdZsk. T[; ;w/A se d' okiBhfse dbK – c/vofb;N ns/ fogpfbeB dk nG:[dB j' u[~ek ;h fJBQK
dbK B/ u'D d/ gfjb/ nkgD/ jh T[whdtkoK Bz{ u[D fbnk ;h ns/ T[j T[BQK Bz{ t'N d/D tkb/ fBotkueK dk
;woED eo oj/ ;B. fJ; gqeko pj[s gfjb/ jh okPNogsh d/ fBotkuB Bz{ dbrs okiBhsh s'A d{o o~yD
dk ;zftXkB–fBowksktK dk T[d/P XkokPkjh j' frnk. go'y fBotkuB dh gqfeqnk okiBhfse dbK d/ ftek;
d/ ekoB fSzB–fGzB j' rJh. ;zftXkB ftu nk:'fis ftnt;Ek Bkb ftfGzB o{g fJ;B/ b? fbnk. fJe gk;/
fJj dbpzdh d/ ikb ftu c; frnk ns/ ‘j[~bVpkih gqfeosh’ (Tumultuous Characteristic) Bz{
ngDkfJnkl d{i/ gk;/ okPNogsh fBotkue, wzvb ‘Bk pokpo’ (Raw Ciphers) iK ‘:zsots’ (Recording
Machine) [D frnk. fJBQK d'tK BshfinK dk ekoB fJj j? fe okPNogsh fBotkueK dh u'D iBsk fJj
fXnkB oy e/ eodh j? fe cbkDk fBotkue fe; T[whdtko Bz{ t'N fdzdk. ;' ;u g[ZfSnK ikt/ sK iBsk
gqs~y fBotkueK d/ wkfXnw Bkb okPNogsh gd d/ T[whdtkokK Bz{ jh t'N fdzdh j?. n'r n/s o/ d/ PpdK
ftu, “fbfys w"fbe ftXh Bz{ fpBk j'J/ ekoi o{g ftu ;zfXkB ftu fe; gqeko gfotosD j' iKdk j?, fJ;dk
T[dkjoD, fJ;s'A T[Zsw fes/ BjhA fwb ;edk.”
gqPB T[mdk j?, nZi dk okPNogsh fBotkue dk tk;sfte o{g eh j? < fJ;dh ikDekoh j/m fby/ uoDk
nB[;ko ehsh ik ;edh j?^
(1) T[whdtkoK dk wB'BfJnB
(1) T[whdtkoK dk wB'BfJnB (Nomination of the Candidate)– Bt/A okPNogsh d/ gd rqfjD
(1) T[whdtkoK dk wB'BfJnB
(1) T[whdtkoK dk wB'BfJnB
(1) T[whdtkoK dk wB'BfJnB
eod/ jh nrb/ uko ;kbK d/ pknd j'D tkb/ okPNogsh u'D dh uouk j'D brdh j?. fit/A–fit/A ;w/A Bidhe
nkT[Adk iKdk j?, T[whdeko ;kjwD/ nkT[D brd/ jB. gozs{ okPNogsh u'D dk tk;sfte jzrkwk ftftX
dbK d[nkok T[whdtkoK dh u'D d/ Bkb jh P[o{ jz[dk j?. 1840 d/ g{ot okPNogsh gd d/ T[whdtkoK dk
wB'BfJnB db–ftP/P d/ ;hB/No ns/ gqshfBXh ;G d/ w?Apo nkgDh nB'gukfoe p?me (Caucus) ftu
eod/ ;B, gozs{ fJ; db d/ nkw w?ApoK dh okJ/ dk e'Jh wjZst BjhA ofjzdk ;h ns/ T[BQK okiK dh fJ~SktK
th BjhA wzBhnK ik ;edhnK ;B, fi~E/ db nbgws ftu j[zdk ;h. 1840 ftu ‘eke;’ d[nkok b'efgqn

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