Page 45 - DECO402_MACROECONOMIC_THEORY_HINDI

bdkbZµ3% vk£Fkd dY;k.k vkSj jk"Vªh; vk;

uksV

D;k vki tkurs gSa ;fn jk"Vªh; vk; esa o`f¼ Jfedksa dk 'kks"k.k djosQ gqbZ gks rks vk£Fkd dY;k.k esa o`f¼ ugha
dgh tk ldrhA

cfgHkkZo (Externalities)µbl izdkj] cfgHkkZo Hkh dY;k.k dks c<+kus ;k de djus dh izo`fÙk j[krs gSa ijarq
os Hkh GNP vuqekuksa esa lfEefyr ugha fd, tkrs gSaA ,d cfgHkkZo O;fDrxr mRiknu rFkk miHkksx osQ
ifj.kkeLo:i fdUgha vU; O;fDr;ksa ij ykxr ;k ykHk gksrk gSA ijarq ,d cfgHkkZo dh ykxr ;k ykHk eqnzk }kjk
ugha ekih tk ldrh D;ksafd ;g ek£dV fozQ;kvksa eas 'kkfey ugha gksrh gSA cká ykHk dk ,d mnkgj.k ,d O;fDr
dks vius iM+kslh osQ mÙke cxhps dks ns[kus ls izkIr izlUurk gSA cká ykxr dk ,d mnkgj.k vkS|ksfxd IykaVksa
}kjk nwf"kr okrkoj.k gSA igyk dY;k.k esa o`f¼ djus dh vkSj nwljk dY;k.k dks de djus dh izo`fÙk j[krk gSA
D;ksafd cfgHkkZo fcuk ysu&nsu dh ijLij fuHkZjrk gksrh gS blfy, os jk"Vªh; vk; osQ vuqekuksa esa lfEefyr ugha
dh tkrh gaSA
mRiknu dh izo`QfÙk (Nature of Production)µGNP osQ vuqekuksa esa fofHkUu oLrqvksa }kjk lekt dks
fHkUu&fHkUu larqf"V dk Lrj iznku djus dh {kerk izfrfcfEcr ugha gksrh gSA ,d v.kq ce ;k ,d unh osQ mQij
cka/ cukus ij fd;k x;k leku O;; jk"Vªh; vk; esa leku o`f¼ djrk gS ijarq ;s lekt dks larqf"V osQ
fHkUu&fHkUu Lrj iznku djrs gSaA ,d ce dY;k.k esa o`f¼ ugha djrk tcfd ,d cka/ o`f¼ djrk gSA
jgu&lgu dk Lrj (Standard of Living)µGNP osQ vuqeku lekt osQ jgu&lgu osQ Lrj dks Hkh O;Dr
ugha djrs gSaA ;fn jk"Vªh; O;; dk vf/d Hkkx ;q¼ dk lkeku cukus vkSj iwath inkFkks± ij [kpZ fd;k tkrk gS
rFkk de Hkkx miHkksDrk oLrqvksa osQ fuekZ.k ij rks ;g varjjk"Vªh; vk; osQ vuqekuksa esa fn[kkbZ ugha nsrk gSA ijarq
miHkksDrk oLrqvksa osQ mRiknu esa deh yksxksa osQ dY;k.k dks de djus dh izo`fÙk j[krh gS] tcfd ;q¼ osQ leku
vkSj iwath inkFkks± ij fd;k x;k O;; orZeku esa dY;k.k dks ugha c<+krk gSA

mQij o£.kr lhekvksa osQ n`f"Vdks.k ls] GNP dY;k.k osQ eki osQ :i esa iz;qDr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA fiQj
Hkh] oqQN vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us GNP dh ifjHkk"kk dks foLr`r djus dk iz;Ru fd;k gS rkfd ;g vk£Fkd dY;k.k dk
eki gks losQA bl vksj izFke iz;kl izks- uksj/ksl (Nordhaus) vkSj Vksfcu us 1972 esa fd;kA bUgksaus vk£Fkd
dY;k.k dk eki (Measure of Economic Welfare— MEW) fu£er fd;k gS ftls lSE;qYlu 'kq¼ vk£Fkd
dY;k.k (Net Economic Welfare—NEW) dgrs gSaA

uksj/ksl vkSj Vksfcu osQ vuqlkj] mUgksaus MEW esa lHkh miHkksx ftlls ekuo dY;k.k gksrk gS] mls ekius dk ;Ru
fd;k gSA MEW osQ ewY; dk vuqeku yxkus osQ fy, os miHkksx esa ls oqQN ensa ?kVk nsrs gSa tks dY;k.k iznku
ugha djrh gSaA tSls] 'kkspuh; vko';drk,a (regrettable necessities) ftuesa lqj{kk] iqfyl] liQkbZ vkfn ij
ljdkjh O;; vkSj izfrfnu LowQVj] cl ;k xkM+h }kjk ?kj ls dk;Z&LFkku tkus dk futh O;fDr;ksa dk O;; 'kkfey
gS_ nwljs lHkh ?kjsyw fVdkmQ oLrqvksa ij miHkksDrk O;; ftuesa LowQVj] dkj] Vh-oh-] jsfM;ks] diM+s /ksus dh e'khu]
fizQt vkfn 'kkfey gSa_ vkSj rhljs Í.kkRed cfgHkkZoksa (negative externalities) ls mRiUu vuqekfur ykxrsa tks
'kgjhdj.k] HkhM+HkkM+ vkSj nw"k.k osQ dkj.k ikbZ tkrh gSaA
bu enksa dks ?kVkus osQ ckn] ukSj/ksl vkSj Vksfcu fuEu rhu ensa miHkksx esa tek dj nsrs gSaA ;s gSa %
(1) ek£dVsÙkj fozQ;kvksa osQ ewY; (value of non-market activities)_ (2) okLrfod rkSj ls miHkksx dh xbZ
fVdkmQ miHkksDrk oLrqvksa osQ ewY; osQ vuqeku_ vkSj (3) foJke osQ ewY; osQ vuqekuA

MEW osQ vuqeku yxkus esa uksj/ksl vkSj Vksfcu foJke osQ ewY;kadu ij vf/d cy nsrs gSaA blosQ fy, os nks
fof/;ka viukrs gSa % oSdfYid ykxr fof/ rFkk ;FkkFkZ ewY; fof/A izFke fof/ bl fl¼kar ij vk/kfjr gS fd

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