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lef"V&vFkZ'kkL=k osQ fl¼kar
uksV lkewfgd iw£r o ewY; og U;wure izR;kf'kr ewY; gS] ftldh izkfIr iQes± ,d fuf'pr iSekus ij mRiknu
djus o etnwjksa dks fu;ksftr j[kus osQ fy, pkgrk gSA
LVksU;sj o gsx osQ 'kCnksa esa ¶fdlh fn, x, jkstxkj osQ Lrj ij lkewfgd iw£r ewY; eqæk dh og oqQy ek=kk gS
tks fd lHkh m|fe;ksa dks ml mRikn osQ foØ; ls feyuh pkfg,] ftldks fn, x, O;fDr;ksa }kjk mRikfnr fd;k
x;k gS] ftUgsa jkstxkj nsuk iQk;nsean gSA¸ lkewfgd iw£r ewY; jkstxkj esa o`f¼ osQ lkFk c<+rh gS rFkk ?kVus ij
?kVrk gSA bls lw=k osQ :i esa bl izdkj fn[kk;k tk ldrk gSA
AS = f(N)
Y
AS = lkewfgd iw£r ewY; AS
N= fu;ksftr etnwjksa dh la[;k
ewY;
iw£r ;izkfIr;ka)
fp=k 6-2 esa X&v{k ij jkstxkj dh ek=kk rFkk E
lkewfgd (foozQ
lkewfgd iw£r ewY; (fcØh izkfIr;k¡) Y &v{k ij 2
n'kkZbZ xbZ gSA ON jkstxkj osQ Lrj ij oqQy O;;
1 E 1
s
OE gS rFkk ON jkstxkj oQ Lrj ij oqQy O;; OE gSA X
1 2 2
O N 1 N N F
lkewfgd ek¡x oØ dh rjg] lkewfgd iw£r oØ Hkh 2
s
jktxkj
Åij dh vksj p<+rk gqvk gksrk gSA jkstxkj osQ Lrj esa fp=k 6-2 % lkewfgd iw£r oozQ
o`f¼ osQ ifj.kkeLo:i oqQy mRiknu o oqQy ykxr esa
Hkh o`f¼ gksrh gSA bl izdkj iQeZ vfèkd ^U;wure fcØh izkfIr* dh izR;k'kk j[krh gSA tc lhekar ykxr ?kVrh
gqbZ gksrh gS] rks c<+h gqbZ ek=kk esa mRiknu djuk
ykHknk;d gksrk gSA lkewfgd iw£r oØ dk <ky jkstxkj osQ Lrj esa o`f¼ osQ lkFk c<+rk gSA ,slk blfy, gksrk
gS D;ksafd jkstxkj esa o`f¼ gksus ij lkisf{kd :i esa de oqQ'ky lkèkuksa dks jkstxkj izkIr gks tkrk gSA iQyLo:i
mRiknu osQ fofHkUu lkèkuksa osQ chp vuqowQyre vuqikr xM+cM+k tkrk gSA mRikfnr ges'kk ?kVrs lkèku ;k iSekus
osQ ßkleku izfriQy osQ vuqlkj gh gksrk gSA bl izdkj jkstxkj esa o`f¼ djosQ mRiknu esa o`f¼ djus ls oqQy ykxr
esa o`f¼ c<+rh gh nj ls gksrh gSaA ifj.kkeLo:i lkewfgd iw£r ewY; oØ dk <ky rc rd c<+rk gqvk gksxk]
tcfd jkstxkj osQ bPNqd lHkh lkèkuksa dks jkstxkj u fey tk,A
iw.kZ jkstxkj ¯cnq ij ykxr ;k fcØh izkfIr esa dksbZ Hkh o`f¼ jkstxkj esa c<+ksrjh ugha dj ldrhA oqQy iw£r oØ
ON jkstxkj Lrj ij yacor gks tkrk gSA bl ¯cnq ij lkewfgd iw£r oØ vfèkdre jk"Vªh; Lrj ij iw.kZr;k
1
csykspnkj gks tkrk gSA ;gk¡ jkstxkj o mRiknu Lrj esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gksxkA
uksV~l ,d vFkZO;oLFkk esa oLrqvksa o lsokvksa dh ek¡x osQ oqQy ;ksx dks lkewfgd ek¡x dgrs gSaA
Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)
cgqfodYih; iz'u (Multiple Choice Questions) :
---------------
4- izHkkoiw.kZ ek¡x] vk; o osQ Lrj dks fuèkkZfjr djrh gSA
(v) jkstxkj (c) csjkstxkj
(l) ykxr (n) oØA
66 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
