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bdkbZμ6: vifdj.k% vFkZ ,oa fo'ks"krk,¡] vifdj.k osQ lkis{k ,oa fujis{k eki] jsat] prqFkZd fopyu ,oa 'kred foLrkj
ewY; gksrs gSa tcfd vifdj.k Kkr djus osQ fy, igys lkaf[;dh; ekè; Kkr fd, tkrs gSa vkSj mlosQ ckn uksV
muls in ewY;ksa osQ fopyu Kkr dj mudk ekè; fudkyk tkrk gS] vr% vifdj.k osQ ekiksa dks f}rh; Js.kh
osQ ekè; dgk tkrk gSA
6-1 vifdj.k (Dispersion)
vifdj.k dks izlkj (spread), fc[kjko (scatter) rFkk fopj.k (variation) vkfn ukeksa ls Hkh iqdkjk tkrk gSA
vifdj.k dk lEcU/ leadksa dh ,d:irk ls gS vkSj bldk dke ekè; esa in&ewY;ksa osQ fc[kjko ;k iSQyko
dh eki djuk gSA lead Js.kh osQ fofHkUu ewY;ksa dk vUrj vifdj.k ;k fo{ksi.k gSA
MkW- ckmys osQ vuqlkj] ¶vifdj.k inksa osQ fooj.k ;k vUrj dk eki gSA¸
dkSuj osQ vuqlkj] ¶ftl lhek rd O;fDrxr in ewY;ksa esa fHkUurk gksrh gS mlosQ eki dks vifdj.k dgrs
gSaA¸
Lihxsy osQ vuqlkj] ¶og lhek tgk¡ rd lkaf[;dh; lead] ,d ekè; ewY; osQ nksuksa vksj iSQyus dh izo`fÙk
j[krs gSa mu leadksa dk fopj.k ;k vifdj.k dgykrh gSA¸
cqDl ,oa fMd osQ 'kCnksa esa] ¶vifdj.k vFkok izlkj ,d osQUnzh; ewY; (ekè; ewY;) osQ nksuksa vksj pj
ewY;ksa osQ fopj.k ;k fc[kjko dh lhek gSA¸
fMdeSu o FkkWel osQ vuqlkj] ¶fopj.k'khyrk osQ ekiksa dk iz;ksx izk;% ;g tkuus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS
fd izfrn'kZ ewY; (lead) ekè; osQ pkjksa vksj fdruh n`<+rkiwoZd xqfPNr gSaA¸
nks vFkks± esa iz;ksxμvifdj.k 'kCn dk nks vFkks± esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA izFke vFkZ esa vifdj.k dk vFkZ
lead Js.kh osQ lhekUr ewY;ksa osQ vUrj ;k lhek foLrkj ls gSA blosQ vuqlkj] vifdj.k gesa mu lhekvksa
dk vUrj crkrk gS ftuosQ Hkhrj leadekyk osQ in ik;s tkrs gSaA blosQ foijhr nwljs vFkZ esa vifdj.k Js.kh
osQ ekè; ls fudkys x;s fofHkUu inksa osQ fopyuksa dk ekè; gSA bl vFkZ osQ vuqlkj vifdj.k gesa ;g crkrk
gS fd Js.kh dh osQUnzh; izo`fÙk osQ ,d fuf'pr eki ls fofHkUu ewY;ksa dh vkSlr nwjh D;k gSA vifdj.k dk
nwljk vFkZ igys dh rqyuk esa T;knk lgh o ;FkkFkZ eki izLrqr djrk gSA
f}rh; Js.kh osQ ekè; (Averages of the second order)—osQUnzh; izo`fÙk osQ fofHkUu eki (lekUrj ekè;]
cgqyd] eè;dk vkfn) izFke Js.kh osQ ekè; dgykrs gSa D;ksafd ;s okLrfod inewY;ksa ij vk/kfjr gksrs gSaA
tcfd vifdj.k osQ eki f}rh; Js.kh osQ ekè; dgykrs gSa D;ksafd blosQ fy, igys leadksa dk lekUrj ekè;
Kkr djrs gSa fiQj ml ekè; ls fofHkUu ewY;ksa osQ fopyuksa ;k vUrjksa dk ekè; Kkr djrs gSaA vFkkZr~ ;s ekè;
ls fudkys x;s fopyuksa osQ ekè; gksrs gSaA
fujis{k vkSj lkis{k vifdj.k (Absolute and Relative Dispersion)
tc fdlh lead Js.kh osQ izlkj] fc[kjko ;k fopj.k dh eki fujis{k :i esa ml Js.kh dh bdkbZ esa gh
Kkr dh tkrh gS rks mls vifdj.k dh fujis{k eki dgrs gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] O;fDr;ksa dh vk; #i;s
esa yEckbZ lseh esa Hkkj fdxzk esa vkfn vifdj.k osQ fujis{k eku gSaA ijUrq bu fujis{k ekiksa dk ,d eq[;
nks"k ;g gS fd blosQ vk/kj ij mu lead Jsf.k;ksa osQ vifdj.k dh rqyuk ugha dj ldrs gSa] ftuosQ eki
dh bdkbZ vyx&vyx gSaA
vr% rqyukRed vè;;u osQ fy, fujis{k eki dks lEcfU/r ekè; ls Hkkx nsus ij tks vuqikr ;k izfr'kr
vkrk gS og vifdj.k dh lkis{k eki (relative measure of dispersion) dgykrh gSA ;g lkis{k eki leadksa
dh bdkbZ esa u gksdj ,d vuqikr ;k izfr'kr esa gksrh gSA bls ^vifdj.k xq.kkad* (Coefficient Dispersion)
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