Page 282 - DEDU502_GUIDANCE_AND_COUNSELING_HINDI

funsZ'ku rFkk ijke'kZ

uksV 27-3 fujh{k.k fofèk dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Characterstics of Observation)

f'k{kk ,oa euksfoKku osQ {ks=k esa bl izfofèk dk mi;ksx eq[;r% losZ{k.k vkSj fu;fU=kr iz;ksxksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA bldh
mi;ksfxrk dks ns[krs gq, vc bls ;Fkk'kfDr oLrqfu"B cukus dh ps"Vk dh tk jgh gSA vr,o izs{k.k dks ,d oSKkfud
vkèkkj iznku djus osQ fy, fo'ks"kKksa us bl izfofèk esa fuEufyf[kr xq.kksa dk lekos'k djus dk lq>ko fn;k gSμ
1- lqO;oLFkfr fujh{k.k (Systematic)μfujh{k.k voljokfnrk ,oa tfVy O;oLFkk ls eqDr gksus pkfg,A
vFkkZr~ izs{k.k iwoZ&;kstuk osQ vuqlkj fdlh O;fDr vFkok ?kVuk osQ lgh ,oa egRoiw.kZ i{k osQ lUnHkZ esa
fd, tk;sa] ,d Li"V :i ls y{;&vkèkkfjr gksaA
2- oLrqfu"B ,oa i{kikr jfgr fujh{k.k (Objective and Unbiased)μfujh{k.k oqQN ifjdYiukvksaa
(Hypotheses) ij vkèkkfjr gksus pkfg,A rHkh buosQ }kjk ifjdYiukvksa dh ij[k i{kikr jfgr <ax ls
dh tk losQxhA
3- ifjek.kRed fujh{k.k (Quantiative)μ;Fkk lEHko fujh{k.k vadksa esa izkIr gksus pkfg,A ;s vad vFkok
buls lEcfUèkr rduhdh 'kCn fdlh ?kVuk vFkok O;fDr osQ fo"k; esa Li"V ifjek.kkRed lwpuk nsus esa
l{ke gksus pkfg,A
4- fo'oluh;rk] oSèkrk ,oa mi;ksfxrk (Reliability, Validity and Usability)μfujh{k.k dk Lo:i
,slk gksuk pkfg, fd fdlh ?kVuk vFkok O;fDr osQ fo"k; esa budh iqujkZo`fÙk dbZ ckj gks losQA bl izdkj
izs{ki.kksa osQ ekè;e ls izkIr ifj.kke vfèkd fo'oluh; gksxkA

5- ekSfydrk] ueuh;rk ,oa dYiuk'khyrk (Originality, Flexibility and Imagination)μoLrqr% ;g
xq.k ijh{k.k ls de vfirq fujh{kd ls vfèkd lEcfUèkr gSA euksfoKku ,oa f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa fujh{k.k ekuo
izÑfr ls lEcfUèkr gksrk gSA ekuo&O;ogkj vkSj mlls tqM+h gqbZ ?kVuk;sa fcuk psrkouh fn, gh ifjorZu'khy]
vr,o fujh{k.k izfofèk dk mi;ksx djrs le; ifjfLFkfruqlkj fujh{kd dks viuh dk;Z fofèk dks rRijrk
osQ lkFk fu;ksftr djuk iM+rk gSA ,slk rHkh lEHko gS tc og ekSfyd] ueuh; ,oa dYiu'khy gksA

27-4 fujh{k.k fofèk dh ifjlhek,¡ (Limitations of observation)

1- ;g izfofèk vkRefu"Bk (Subjectivity) ,oa i{kikr (bias) ls iw.kZ gksrh gSA
2- fofHkUu voyksdudÙkkZvksa }kjk fd;k x;k fooj.k leku ugha gksrkA
3- voyksdu djus esa le; vfèkd yxrk gSA
4- voyksdudÙkkZ osQ Lo;a osQ Hkko] mldh eukso`fRr] 'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld fLFkfr] Fkdku vkfn dk Hkh
voyksdu ij izHkko iM+rk gSA
5- O;fDr osQ lgt O;ogkj ij izs{kd dh mifLFkfr dk izHkko iM+rk gS] vr% iwjs iz;kl djus ij Hkh ckyd
osQ euksoSKkfud i;kZoj.k (Psychological-Environment) dks lkekU; ugha cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
6- O;fDr fny esa oqQN pkgrk gS vkSj ckg~; O;ogkj oqQN vkSj izn£'kr djrk gS] ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa fujh{k.k
ykHknk;d ugha gksrkA

fujh{k.k fo'ys"k.k iwoZ&èkkj.kkvksa ls izHkkfor gksrk gSA euksoSKkfud bls ^O;kIr izHkko*
(Halo effect) osQ uke ls iqdkjrs gSaA

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