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bdkbZ—27% fujh{k.k
gekjs lkeus dHkh ,slh Hkh fLFkfr;k¡ vkrh gSa] ftuesa ge Lo;a O;fDr fo'ks"k ls gh iwNrs gSa fd ,slk vkius fdruh uksV
ckj fd;k] dc fd;k vkSj D;w¡ fd;kA og vkRe fujh{k.k (Self-observation) gSA blosQ vfrfjDr] tc dksbZ
vè;kid ckyd osQ O;ogkj dk fujh{k.k djrk gS] rc ;g ckg~; fujh{k.k dgykrk gSA bl izdkj osQ voyksdu
esa fdlh ckgjh O;fDr ij fuHkZj jguk iM+rk gSA bl fofèk esa ,d eq[; nks"k ;g jg tkrk gS fd voyksdu&drkZ
O;ogkj osQ osQoy ,d gh i{k dk voyksdu dj ikrk gS] D;ksafd og mu O;fDr;ksa ls iw.kZ ifjfpr ugha gksrk gSA
Lo;a fujh{k.k esa O;fDr ls Lo;a viuk fooj.k nsus dks dgk tkrk gS ysfdu] bl izdkj osQ fujh{k.k esa O;fDr cgqr
lh ckrksa dks fNik tkrk gSA rhljh fofèk esa] mi;qZDr nksuksa fofèk;ksa dks lfEefyr dj fy;k tkrk gSA ,slk ifjfLFkfrtU;
ijh{k.kksa (Situational tests) esa fd;k tkrk gSA ifjfLFkfrtU; ijh{k.kksa esa ,slh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ mRiUu dh tkrh gSa]
tks thou dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls feyrh tqyrh gksa] tSlsμbZekunkjh ijh{k.k (Test of Honesty)] udy djus dh izo`fÙk
(Test of cheating) vkfnA blosQ i'pkr~ O;fDr osQ O;ogkj dk fujh{k.k fd;k tkrk gSA
voyksdu dk nks vU; izdkj ls Hkh oxhZdj.k fd;k tk ldrk gSμ
(d) izR;{k voyksdu (Direct Observation)
([k) vizR;{k voyksdu (Indirect Observation)
izR;{k voyksdu (Direct Observation)μizR;{k voyksdu esa O;fDr dk ;FkkFkZ fLFkfr esa fujh{k.k fd;k tkrk
gSA bl fofèk esa ijh{k.k drkZ ckyd osQ O;ogkj dk voyksdu izR;{k :i ls djrk gSA ckyd vius fuR;izfr osQ
dk;Z esa O;Lr jgrk gS vkSj fujh{k.k drkZ vius voyksdu dks fu;fer :i ls fy[krk tkrk gSA LokHkkfod gS fd
fujh{k.kdrkZ dh mifLFkfr esa ckyd dk LoHkko oqQN lhek rd vLokHkkfod gks tkrk gSA iQyr% gekjk voyksdu
ije 'kq¼ ugha dgk tk ldrk] fiQj Hkh] izR;{k voyksdu izfofèk osQ }kjk ckydksa osQ O;ogkj lEcUèkh fofHkUu i{kksa
osQ ckjs esa gesa lgh] tkudkjh izkIr gks tkrh gSA vcksèk ckyd osQ O;ogkj osQ ewY;kadu osQ lUnHkZ esa bl fofèk dh
izeq[krk nks dkj.kksa ls gSμ
1- vcksèk ckyd vius O;ogkj dks Ñf=ke cukus dh ps"Vk ugha dj ikrk gSA vr% fdlh vtuch dh mifLFkfr
mlosQ O;ogkj dks cgqr vfèkd nsj rd izHkkfor ugha dj ikrh gSA
2- ckydksa esa Hkk"kk dk fodkl lhfer jgus osQ dkj.k izR;{k voyksdu gh vfèkd lkFkZd izrhr gksrk gSA
vizR;{k voyksdu (Indirect Observation)μvizR;{k voyksdu esa izkIr rF;ksa osQ vkèkkj ij O;fDr dks
le>us dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA ;g izfofèk izR;{k voyksdu dk gh ifj"Ñr :i gSA ;g izfofèk lekt'kkL=k osQ
{ks=k esa 'kksèk dk;Z osQ fy, vR;Ur mi;ksxh fl¼ gqbZ gSA lekt'kkL=k osQ 'kksèk drkZvksa us vkfnokfl;ksa dh thou 'kSyh
dk fo'oluh; ifjp; blh izfofèk osQ ekè;e ls izLrqr fd;k gSA bl izfofèk dks izHkko'kkyh cukus osQ fy, fuEu
ckrksa dks è;ku esa j[kuk pkfg;sμ
1- O;ogkj izk:i (Behaviour Pattern) fuf'pr dj ysuk pkfg;sA
2- p;u fd;s x;s O;kogkfjd i{kksa dk fof'k"Vhdj.k (Specification) dj nsuk pkfg;sA
3- O;ogkj voyksdu dks fyfic¼ djus (recording) dh mfpr O;oLFkk dh tk;sA
4- fujh{k.k dk;Z dk ifjek.ku (Quantification) dj ysuk pkfg;sA
5- bl fofèk dk iz;ksx djus okys vè;kid dks mfpr izf'k{k.k fn;k tk;sA
ekuo&xfrfofèk osQ fo"k; esa lwpuk;sa dbZ izdkj ls izkIr dh tk ldrh gSa] tSlsμLo;a ns[kdj] ml O;fDr ls iwNdj
vFkok fdlh rhljs O;fDr ls mlosQ ckjs esa iwNdjA bu izR;{k ,oa ijks{k fofèk;ksa osQ vkèkkj ij O;fDrRo ekiu
izfofèk osQ Lo:i esa Hkh vUrj vk tkrk gSA bl izdkj :ikUrfjr izfofèk;ksa dks fofHk ukeksa ls iqdkjk tkrk gSA
fujh{k.k&izfofèk osQ }kjk fdlh euq"; osQ fo"k; esa fujh{kd Lo;a nsdj èkkj.kk cukrk gSA bl izfofèk dks vèkksfyf[kr
izdkj ls oxhZÑr fd;k x;k gSμ
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