Page 100 - DEDU503_EDUCATIONAL_MANAGEMENT_ENGLISH

Educational Management

Notes meeting the requirements of the family within the income available and thus plan for monthly
expenditure. When planning is undertaken at the individual or household level decision for future
actions are taken by individuals. However, this concept of availability of various hierarchical units
for planning is called the multi-level planning framework. It means the existence of hierarchy of
levels of planning with clearly defined territorial jurisdiction. Under this framework planning is
possible at national, state (provincial), district, sub-district and village level. However in India
planning particularly in the field of education is carried out at the national, state and in a limited
way at the district level only.
In the field of education in any country there can be a possibility of developing plans at various
levels. Specifically in the big countries and even in medium sized countries the planning is undertaken
at more than one level, that is, at various hierarchical administrative units. In many countries the
hierarchical units available for planning are national, provincial, district, sub-district and village
levels. It may therefore be noted that planning for education can possibly be undertaken at these
levels. Undertaking the planning at lower levels along with the higher units is refereed to as
decentralized planning.
However, if we consider the methodology of planning for education it may be made clear that the
methodology or the steps involved in planning remain the same whether plans are formulated at
higher level or at the lower level. In order plan for education there are certain steps that are involved.
These are as follows.
Diagnosis of the Educational Situation
Target Setting

intervention Strategies and Activities
Costing and Budget Preparation
Implementation and Monitoring Mechanism
Negotiations, Appraisal and Approval

If planning is to be undertaken for a system e.g. planning for education, the important
issues to be addressed are : who (and at what level) will decide about the goals, objectives,
allocation of resources and time frame which are important and essential components
of planning. At the systems level these decision are taken at various hierarchical units.

Diagnosis of Educational Situation
The first step in developing a plan for education is to diagnose the educational situation. A diagnosis
of the education system is an important and initial step towards developing plan. Diagnosis forms
an important step in understanding the system itself. Diagnosis in planning is a process of making
a realistic assessment regarding what and how much has already been achieved till now.
Diagnosis in the context of educational planning is an effort to make a fair assessment of achievements
and constraints. It is very likely that what is achieved may be less than what was expected as per the
targets set in the earlier plan. There may be various reasons for this under achievement. The diagnosis
exercise attempts to identify these constraints so that they are removed while implementing the
next plan. It may also be found that sometimes the under achievement of the targets may be due to
various constraints imposed on the educational system from within or outside. It may often by
difficult to analyse what happens to education system without reference to what happens at the
household level or at the immediate environment in which the schools are functioning. For example,

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