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Educational Management

Notes and evaluation. These steps have been discussed in detail in ‘Memory Level Teaching’. In our
training colleges and teacher education programmes the lesson plans are prepared on the
Herbartian Approach. The main emphasis is given on content presentation.
(2) Evaluation Approach : B.S. Bloom has given a new dimension to education. He considers
education as a tripolar process (1) educational objectives, (2) learning experiences and (3) change
of behaviours. He has made education as objectives-centred rather than content-centred. Bloom’s
Approach of lesson planning is termed as ‘Evaluation Approach’. The testing should be based on
teaching. The evidences and data are collected for the change of behaviours of the students,.
The decision can be taken about objectives of learning and these evidences may provid on the
basis for revision and improving the learning experience. All the teaching activities must be
objective-centred.
(3) John Dewey and Kilpatrick Approach : John Dewy was an American pragmatic philosopher.
He was a great philosopher as well as a great psychologist. He was a professor of education in
Columbia University. He originated a pragmatic school of thought.
He has given the valuable contributions in the field of education. He has shifted the focus of
education to social efficiency. The knowledge of student should be related to their life situations.
The learning experiences should be provided by solving the real problems.

(4) Morrison’s Approach : Henry C. Morrison has developed this approach lesson planning. He
has explained the ‘Unit Method’ in detail in his book ‘The Practice of Teaching in Secondary Schools’
published in 1926. This unit method is most popular and frequently used in U.S.A.
H.C. Morrision defines, ‘Unit is a comprehension and significant aspect of the environment of an
organized science and art.’
Wisley has also defined the term unit in the following manner:
“The unit is an organized body of information and experience designed to effect significant
outcomes for the learner.”
Morrison has formulated ‘Cycle Plan of Teaching’, and the unit method of Morrison is more
psychological in nature. His major emphasis in teaching is that the teacher should be clear about the
learning objectives. The Student’s needs are considered in planning the teaching tasks. Morrison
has given five steps for employing his ‘cycle plan of teaching’ under the heading of ‘Understanding
Level of Teaching.’
Morrison gives main emphasis on assimilation aspect of the learner where as Herbart stresses on the
presentation aspect of the teacher. It is evident from the paradigm of teaching that it is a learner-
centred approach to lesson-planning. This approach is more useful in science and maths teaching
rather than in social studies subjects.

The paradigm of lessons-plans differs from country to country : Therefore, another basis of lesson-
planning approaches may be denoted by the names countries :

W. H. Kilpatrick has developed a project-method and introduced integrated
approach of the curriculum. A project is whole hearted purposeful activity
proceeding in a social environment. It is also a pupil planned purposeful task
accomplished in real life situation. The approach stresses on self-activity and real
experiences of life situation.

1. American Approach : The specific features of American approach is that the priority is given
to learning objectives in lesson-planning. The teacher and students activities are so organized
that the optimum realization of objectives may be done. The teacher-activities should generate

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