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Educational Measurement and Evaluation

Notes • Stimulating learning: this can be motivation of the student or teacher, providing feedback,
suggesting suitable practice etc.
• Improving teaching: by helping to review the effectiveness of teaching arrangements.
Self Assessment

2. State Whether the following statements are ‘true’ or false’.
(i) Summative Evaluation is such evaluation which is conducted before giving final shape to
an educational policy or program, curriculum teaching method.
(ii) The educational achievements of the students is done in three forms.
(iii) The measurement is the first step of evaluation
(iv) According to James M. Bradefield, The evalution is the assignment of symbols to
phenomenon in order to characterise the worth or value of the phenomenon with reference
to some social, cultural and scientific standards.
2.11 Summary

• Measurement is the process by which a characteristic of an object, person or activity is perceived
and understood on specific standards and is described in standard words, symbols or definite
units.
• Variables are meant by those characteristics of objects, persons and activities in which the
objects, persons and activities are not uniform in a group.
• Variables are of two types—Qualitative variables and Quantitative variables.
• Qualitative Variables
• Some qualities of objects and persons are such which can only be perceived, but they cannot
be measured in definite units; for example, the complexion, caste, religion and sex of people.
• Quantitative Variables
• Some qualities of objects and persons are such which can be measured in definite units or
quantity; for example, height, weight and I.Q. of persons.
• Quantitative variables are of two types — Continuous variables and Discrete variables.
(i) Continuous Variables : Those quantitative variables are included in continuous variables
which can be of any quantitative value between any two continuous quantitative whole
numbers.
(ii) Discrete Variables : Those quantitative variables are included in discrete variables which are
always measured in whole numbers; for example the number of students in a class.
• Qualitative Measurement
• Perceiving the characteristics of an object, person or activity in the form of a quality is called
qualitative measurement;
• Quantitative Measurement
• Measuring the characteristics of an object, person or activity in the form of quantity is called
quantitative measurement;
• Qualitative measurement is different from quantitative measurement in the following ways:
(i) The bases of qualitative measurement are often norms; and those of quantitative measurement
are units.
(ii) The norms of qualitative measurement are generally not universal,
• We shall discuss them here in brief. They are four in numbers.
(i) Nominal Measurement : In the measurement of this level or scale, a particular characteristic
of an object or person is seen, and on its basis is allotted the classification or symbol.
(ii) Ordinal Measurement : In the measurement of this level or scale, the quantity of a characteristic
of an object or person is measured, and is allotted a classification, name or symbol on the
basis of quantity.

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