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Unit 2: Measurement and Evaluation : Concept, Need, Scope, Difference and Relevance

(iii) Interval Measurement: In the measurement of this level or scale, a trait of an object or Notes
person is measured in unit numbers and there is equal difference between any two continuous
unit numbers.
(iv) Ratio Measurement : The measurement of this level possesses all the characteristics of interval
measurement, besides having the concept of true zero. The true zero is the point at which
the trait is completely absent.
• On the basis of tools or devices and the results obtained therefrom, measurements are classified
into three types—Absolute measurement, Normative measurement and Ipsative measurement.
• Absolute measurement is that measurement in which the scale starts from zero. It measures
+ve on being more than zero, and — ve on being less than zero.

• Normative measurement is such measurement in which the marks obtained are not affected by
one another. Its another characteristic is that there is no possibility of absolute zero in it.
• There are several tools and devices of measurement. One such tool or device is the one in
which a person or student is forced to choose items. Measurement by this method has been
termed as Ipsative measurement by Ramond Cattle. In this type of measurement certain
questions, statements or problems are put before the persons or students and they are asked to
give them preference 1, 2, 3,4, etc.
(i) For Measure the ability of students, finding out their interest sand aptitude at the time of
admission, and admit than on its basis.
(ii) For measure their intelligence and personality after admission and accordingly divide them
into specific classes, and to assist in their personality development.
• Educational measurement is that process by which the usefulness of various factors of
educational process, the usefulness of various activities of persons concerned, and the
intelligence, interest, attitude, aptitude, personality and educational achievements of the students
are measured on the basis of definite standards and are expressed in definite words, symbols
or units.
• The process of measurement is completed in four steps in any field, including the field of
education. These steps are :

(i) Determination and Defining the Measuring Traits or Aims and Objectives :
(ii) Selection of Suitable Measurement Tools or Methods :
(iii) Use or Administration of Measurement Tool or Technique :
(iv) Results and Records :
• Evaluation is the process in which the analysis of the result obtained from measurement of a
trait of an object, person or activity is done on the basis of certain social, cultural or scientific
standards (Norms), and the relative position of the object, person or activity is determined as
relative to that trait.
• Formative evaluation is such evaluation which is conducted before giving final Shape to an
educational policy or programme, curriculum, teaching method, teaching aid or evaluation
method.
• Summative evaluation is such evaluation which is conducted in order to test the utility of an
already existing educational policy, planning or programme, curriculum, teaching method,
teaching aid or evaluation method.
(i) For test the educational importance of the activities of educational administrators, other
personnel and guardians from time to time, and to suggest for improvement.
(ii) For analyse the educational objectives, to test their utility, and to suggest for timely change.

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