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ft~fdne wkg ns/ w[~bKeD
ft~fdne wkg ns/ w[~bKeD
ft~fdne wkg ns/ w[~bKeD
ft~fdne wkg ns/ w[~bKeD
ft~fdne wkg ns/ w[~bKeD
È؇ • fBowkDkswe w[~bKeD fJ~e nfijk w[~bKeD j? i' fe fe;/ ft~fdnk gqDkbh iK gq'rokw, gkmeqw, nfXnkgB
g~Xsh, nfXnkgB ;jkfJsk iK w[~bKeD g~Xsh Bz{ nzfsw o{g d/D s'A gfjbK ehsk iKdk j?.
(i) ;w/A ;w/A d/ ft~fdnk gqPk;eK, j'o eowhnK ns/ nfGGkteK dhnK rshftXhnK d/ ft~fdne wj~st
Bz{ N?;N eoB bJh ns/ fJ; ft~u ;[Xko bJh ;[Mkn d/D bJh.
(ii) ft~fdne T[d/PK d/ ftPb/PD bJh ns/ UBK dh T[g:'frsk Bz{ N?;N eoD bJh ns/ UBK ft~u ;w/A
nB[;ko pdbkt d/ bJh ;[Mkn d/D bJh.
• ft~fdnk d/ y/so ft~u, nkw s"o s/ ftfdnkoEhnK dhnK ft~fdne T[gbpXhnK d/ wkg Bz{ w[~bKeD efjzd/
jB. fJ; ;zdoG ft~u gfjbh r~b fJj j? fe wkg w[~bKeD dk gfjbk uoD j? ns/ fJj nkg jh w[~bKeD
BjhA j?.
• nkw s"o s/ ‘wkg’ Ppd ‘w[~bKeD’ dh rbscfjwh fdzdk j?, id'A fe Uj d't/A fJ~e d{i/ s'A ekch fGzB jB.
wkg t;s{ dk fJ~e wksokswe o{g j?, id'A fe w[~bKeD nkgD/ wkg d/ Bkb r[Dkswe o{g th g/P eodk j?.
;zy/g ft~u, wkg ;zfynkswe j? ns/ w[~bKeD wksokswe j?. wkg ;kBz{ fe;/ t;s{ dk fezBk d~;dk j? id'A
fe w[~bKeD d~;dk j? fe fJj fezBh uzrh j?. fJ; s'A fJbktk, w[~bKeD T[d/PK dh gqkgsh d/ s~E t~b fXnkB
fdzdk j?, id'A fe wkg dk noE j? fe fezB/ T[d/PK dh gqkgsh j'Jh j?. wkg w[~bKeD s'A fpBK nX{ok j?.
2H12 Ppde'P
2H12 Ppde'P
2H12 Ppde'P
2H12 Ppde'P (Keywords)
2H12 Ppde'P
• wkg L fe;/ t;s{ dk nkeko, wksok iK fvroh gsk eoD dh gqfeqnk .
• w[~bKeD L fe;/ t;s{ dh ehws, w[~b iK wksok pko/ okJ/ pDkUD dh gqfeqnk.
• fBoXkoD L fBPfus eoBk.
2H13 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)
2H13 nfGnk; gqPB
2H13 nfGnk; gqPB
2H13 nfGnk; gqPB
2H13 nfGnk; gqPB
1. wkg s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'<fBog~y, wkDe ns/ nB[;kfoe wkg ft~u nzso ;gPN eo'.
2. r[Dkswe ns/ wksokswe wkg eh j[zd/ jB<
3. w[~bKeD s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'< fBowkDkswe ns/ :'rkswe w[~bKeD ft~u eh nzso j?<
4. wkg ns/ w[~bKeD ft~u eh nzso j?<
5. ft~fdnk d/ y/so ft~u w[~bKeD dh eh r[zikfJP j?<
T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD
T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD
T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD (Answers: Self Assessment)
T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD
T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD
1. (i) wkg (ii) r[Dkswe uo
(iii) n?; n?; ;NhtB; (iv) wkDe wkg
(v) fBog~y wkg .
2H (i) F (ii) F (iii) T (iv) T
2H14 ;zdoG g[;seK
2H14 ;zdoG g[;seK
2H14 ;zdoG g[;seK
2H14 ;zdoG g[;seK
2H14 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)
p[e; 1H ft~fdne wkg ns/ w[~bKeDL i/H ;to{g okDh, fv;etoh gpfbfPzr jkT{;.
2H nfXnkgB ft~u wkg ns/ w[~bKeDL B'owB n?vtov rq'Bbzv w?efwbB.
3H nfXnkgB ft~u wkg ns/ w[~bKeDL okpoN n?b fbB, fgno;B n?i{e/PB fJzvhnk.
4H w[~bKeD dk gq'rokw ns/ gqdoPB wkgL i/w; ;h w/ v/ftv, b"ok nko n?b jkE"oB, ;/i
gpbhe/PB.
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