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ft~fdne wkg ns/ w[~bKeD
        ft~fdne wkg ns/ w[~bKeD
        ft~fdne wkg ns/ w[~bKeD
        ft~fdne wkg ns/ w[~bKeD
        ft~fdne wkg ns/ w[~bKeD
                                 3H1 wkg d/ g?wkB/ dh ntXkoDk
                                 3H1 wkg d/ g?wkB/ dh ntXkoDk
                                 3H1 wkg d/ g?wkB/ dh ntXkoDk
                                 3H1 wkg d/ g?wkB/ dh ntXkoDk  (Concept of Scales of Measurement)
                   È؇           3H1 wkg d/ g?wkB/ dh ntXkoDk
                                 i/eo Go';/:'r j't/ sK e'Jh th N?;N T[g:'rh j' ;edk j? ns/ fJ; Bkb e/tb Ujh ftP/Psk wkgh ik ;e/
                                 fi; Bz{ wkgD bJh fJj pDkfJnk frnk j?. gqkuhB ;fwnK s'A jh wkg bJh T[geoDK dh Io{os j[zdh ;h
                                 ns/ n~i th ;kBz{ nkgDh o'IkBk fIzdrh ft~u UBK dh Io{os j[zdh j?.
                                 ft~fdne wkg dk nkXko nKeV/ jB. fe;/ th fe;w dk wkg^ ;E{b, ;wkfie, nkofEe iK wB'ftfrnkfBe
                                 j't/, nKeV/ fJ~em/ eoBk Io{oh j?. ;"y bJh, n;hA T[gbpX nKefVnK Bz{ uko ;soK ft~u o~yd/ jK. fJj
                                 uko ;so fJ~e fBPfus eqw ft~u ftt;fEs ehs/ ikd/ jB. ;G s'A j/mbk ;so nk;kBh Bkb wkfgnk ik
                                 ;edk j?, gqzs{ fJ; d[nkok ehsk frnk wkg ;zd/jiDe j't/rk. fJ; d/ T[bN, T[Zu ;so s/ wkg fInkdk ifNb
                                 j[zdk j?, gqzs{ fJ; d[nkok gqkgs Bshi/ nfXe P[~X j'Dr/. fJ; soK, wkg dh P[~Xsk fJ; d/ ;so s/ fBoGo
                                 eodh j?. nkw s"o s/ ftnesh, t;sK, xNBktK, fN~gDhnK ns/ ftP/PsktK Bz{ wkg dh gqfeqnk ft~u
                                 wksokswe o{g fd~sk iKdk j?. wkg g?wkB/ uoK Bz{ eqwp~X eoD iK wksok d~;D bJh gq:'r ehs/ iKd/ jB.
                                 ;zy/g ft~u, jo g?wkB/ dk fJ~e T[d/P j[zdk j? ns/ fJ; d/ fB:w, f;XKs, ftP/PsktK, ;hwktK ns/ ;zfyneh
                                 seBheK pkeh ;soK s'A fpbe[b fGzB jB.

                                 wkg d/ w[~y ;so j/mK fby/ jB^
                                 1H  BKwkso g?wkBk
                                 2H eqw;{ue g?wkBk
                                 3H nzsokb g?wkBk, ns/
                                 4H nB[gks g?wkBk


                                 3H2 wkg d/ g?wkB/ d/ r[D
                                 3H2 wkg d/ g?wkB/ d/ r[D
                                 3H2 wkg d/ g?wkB/ d/ r[D
                                 3H2 wkg d/ g?wkB/ d/ r[D
                                 3H2 wkg d/ g?wkB/ d/ r[D  (Properties of Measurement Scales)
                                 wkg dk jo g?wkBk wkg d/ fJ~e iK nfXe r[DK Bz{ ;zs[PN eodk j?^
                                     gfjukDL
                                     gfjukDL
                                     gfjukDL
                                     gfjukDL wkg d/ g?wkB/ T[Zs/ jo w[~b dk fJ~e yk; noE j?.
                                 •   gfjukDL
                                     gfowkDL
                                 •   gfowkDL
                                     gfowkDL
                                     gfowkDL wkg g?wkB/ T[Zs/ w[~bK dk fJ~e d{i/ Bkb eqwp~X foPsk j?. noEks, e[M w[~b t~v/ jB ns/ e[M
                                     gfowkDL
                                     w[~b S'N/ jB.
                                     ;wkB nzsokbL
                                     ;wkB nzsokbL g?wkB/ T[Zs/ fJekJhnK fJ~e d{i/ d/ ;wkB jB. T[dkjoD bJh, 1 ns/ 2 ft~u nzso 19
                                     ;wkB nzsokbL
                                     ;wkB nzsokbL
                                 •   ;wkB nzsokbL
                                     ns/ 20 ft~u nzso d/ ;wkB j't/rk.
                                     ;zg{oD Iho'L
                                     ;zg{oD Iho'L
                                 •   ;zg{oD Iho'L
                                     ;zg{oD Iho'L
                                     ;zg{oD Iho'L g?wkB/ T[Zs/ fJ~e ;zg{oD Iho' fpzd{ j[zdk j?, fi; s'A j/mK e'Jh w[~b BjhA j[zdk.
                                 uoK Bz{ ;"Ag/ rJ/ w[~b fJ~e toDkswe tor g/P eod/ jB, gqzs{ gfowkD d/ nB[;ko fJBK dk e'Jh ;zfynkswe
                                 w[~b BjhA j[zdk.
                                 fbzr fJ~e nfij/ uo dk T[dkjoD j?, i' fe BKwkso g?wkB/ T[Zs/ wkfgnk iKdk j?. ftneshnK Bz{ “nkdwh”
                                 iK “n"os” d/ o{g ft~u torhfeqs ehsk ik ;edk j?, gqzs{ fJBK ft~u'A e'Jh th w[~b fJ~e d{i/ s'A x~N iK fInkdk
                                 fbzr BjhA do;kUAdk. Xow ns/ okiBhfse ;zpzX nfij/ uoK dhnK j'o T[dkjoDK jB i' nkw s"o s/ BKwkso
                                 g?wkB/ T[Zs/ wkg/ iKd/ jB.

                                    B'N;  eqw;{ue g?wkB/ ft~u gfjukD ns/ gfowkD d't/A r[D jB. eqw;{ue g?wkB/ T[Zs/ jo w[~b dk
                                          fJ~e yk; noE j? ns/ fJ; dk g?wkB/ T[Zs/ jo w[~b Bkb fJ~e eqwpZX foPsk j?.







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