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ft~fdne wkg ns/ w[~bKeD
ft~fdne wkg ns/ w[~bKeD
ft~fdne wkg ns/ w[~bKeD
ft~fdne wkg ns/ w[~bKeD
ft~fdne wkg ns/ w[~bKeD
7H2 ftPtk;:'rsk dhnK fe;wK
7H2 ftPtk;:'rsk dhnK fe;wK
7H2 ftPtk;:'rsk dhnK fe;wK
7H2 ftPtk;:'rsk dhnK fe;wK (Types of Reliability)
È؇ 7H2 ftPtk;:'rsk dhnK fe;wK
fBoDk ftPtk;:'rsk
fBoDk ftPtk;:'rsk
fBoDk ftPtk;:'rsk
fBoDk ftPtk;:'rsk
fBoDk ftPtk;:'rsk
N?;N^d[pkok^N?;N ns/ ;wkBKso o{g ftPtk;:'rsk d/ T[go'es toDB ft~u N?;N ;e'oK dh ;fEosk iK
fBoGosk T[Zs/ I'o fd~sk frnk ;h. eJh e;"Nh ;zdofGs N?;NK (CRTs) ft~u ftPtk;:'rsk pko/ ;'uD dk
fJ~e j'o bkGekoh sohek gqhfynkoEh d/ torK d/ o{g ft~u j' ;edk j?. T[dkjoD bJh, fJ~e m/m (CRTs)
d/ Bshi/ Bkb fJ~e gqhfynkoEh Bz{ fBg[zB iK r?o^fBg[zB d/ torK ft~u tzfvnk ik ;edk j?l gqhfynkoEh
iK sK N?;N ft~u gk; j' ikt/rk iK c/b j' ikt/rk. fJj fJ;/ ftsoD fBoD/ dh ftPtk;:'rsk j? fi; Bkb
fBoDk ;fEosk ftPtk;:'rsk dk nzdkIk brkfJnk iKdk j?. i/eo fJ~e gqhfynkoEh d'jK gohyDK ft~u fBg[zB
d/ o{g ft~u torhfeqs j[zdk j? iK d'jK w"fenK T[Zs/ r?o^fBg[zB torhfeqs j[zdk j?, sK N?;N ;fEo Bshi/
T[sgzB eo fojk j?. fJj fdqPNhe'D iK sK ;wkBKso o{gK Bkb gq:'r ehsk ik ;edk j? ns/ iK fco fJ~eb/
o{g d/ N?;N^d[pkok N?;N d/ d' tko ft~u.
nzdo{Bh ;fEosk
nzdo{Bh ;fEosk
nzdo{Bh ;fEosk
nzdo{Bh ;fEosk
nzdo{Bh ;fEosk
ftPtk;:'rsk dk nzdo{Bh ;fEosk wkg nkw s"o s/ nkdoP ;zdofGs gohyD (NRTs) ft~u gq:'r ehsk iKdk
j?. fJ; sohe/ ft~u bkG fJj j? fe fJj fJ~e jh gqPk;B d[nkok fJ~e jh o{g dk gq:'r eod/ j'J/ nk:'fis
ehsk ik ;edk j?. nzdo{Bh ;fEosk ftXh nzdkIk brkUAdh j? fe fJ~e N?;N ft~u wdK dk fJ~e ;w{j d{i/
Bkb ;fj;zpzfXs j[zdk j?l noEks, fJ~e N?;N o{g ft~u wdK d{i/ d/ fezBhnK ;wkB jB. eJh N?;N ftPb/PD
;kcNt/no gq'rokw fJ; ftPtk;:'rsk nB[wkB Bz{ nkgD/ nkg jh T[sgzB eod/ jB. gqzs{, NRTs ns/
CRTs ft~u d' nkw nzso fJ; ftPtk;:'rsk rDBk dh ftXh Bz{ CRTs bJh x~N bkGekoh pDkUAd/ jB.
gfjbk, feUAfe CRTs fJ; soK fvIkJhB ehs/ j[zd/ jB fe fJBK ft~u gqhfynkoEh ;e'oK ns/ wd efmBsk
dh o/Ai pj[zs ;zeoh j[zdh j?, fJ; bJh ftPtk;:'rsk nB[wkB dk w[~b pj[s jh fBwB j't/rk. Bkb jh, CRTs
Bz{ ;w~roh dh pj[s ftnkge o/Ai wkgD bJh fvIkJhB ehsk j[zdk j?l fJ; dk Bshik nfijhnK wdK d/ ;w{j
j[zd/ jB fijV/ Io{oh BjhA fe fJ~e d{i/ Bkb fBeN ;zpzfXs j'D. CRTs N?;N fvIkJhB dk fJj g~y th NRT
d/ w[ekpb/ fBwB ftPtk;:'rsk nB[wkB T[sgzB eo/rk.
fJzNoo/No ftPtk;:'rsk
fJzNoo/No ftPtk;:'rsk
fJzNoo/No ftPtk;:'rsk
fJzNoo/No ftPtk;:'rsk
fJzNoo/No ftPtk;:'rsk
ftPtk;:'rsk dhnK j[D s~e nkebD ehshnK rJhnK ;kohnK ftXhnK e/tb t;s{fBPm N?;NK bJh gq:'r
ehshnK ikD tkbhnK jB. id'A fJ~e N?;N ft~u gqdoPB ekoi th j'D iK nfijhnK wdK fijVhnK wkBth
nkebDeosktK d[nkok nkebD ehshnK ikDhnK j'D sK UBK nkebDeosktK dh ftPtk;:'rsk th
nB[wkfBs ehsh ikDh ukjhdh j?. fJj ftPtk;:'rsk ftXh gqPB g[~Sdh j?, “i/eo fJ~e fJ~eb/ gqhfynkoEh
d/ gqdoPB dk nkebD eJh nkebDeosktK d[nkok ehsk ikt/rk sK eh gqhfynkoEh Bz{ ;wkB ;e'o fwbDr/.
fJzNoo/No ftPtk;:'rsk ;e'oK dh fBoGosk iK ;fEosk dk wkg gqdkB eodh j? i' nkebDeosktK d[nkok
T[whd ehs/ ikD/ jB.
;t?^w[~bKeD
;t?^w[~bKeD
;t?^w[~bKeD
;t?^w[~bKeD
;t?^w[~bKeD
1. ykbh ;EkB Go'L
(i) HHHHHHHHHHHH d/ nB[;ko, “fJ~e N?;N dh ftPtk;:'rsk dk noE j? fJ~e jh ftnesh d[nkok ftfGzB
w"fenK T[Zs/ iK ;wkB wdK d/ ftfGzB ;w{jK T[Zs/ gqkgs ehs/ rJ/ ;e'oK dh HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH.
(ii) HHHHHHHH Uj j~d g/P eodh j? fi; s~e fJ~e N?;N ;w/A s'A gko ;fEo ns/ nB[o{g Bshi/ T[sgzB eo
;edk j?.
(iii) ftPtk;:'rsk dh HHHHHHHHH ftXh nkdoP ;zdofGs gohyDK ft~u ne;o gq:'r ehsh iKdh j?.
(iv) HHHHHHHHHH ftPtk;:'rsk ;e'oK dh fBoGosk iK ;fEosk dk nfijk wkg gqdkB eodh j? fijVk
nkebDeosktK s'A T[whd:'r j[zdk j?.
84 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
