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Special Education

Notes caused by injury to the cervical (upper) region of the spine; paraplegia involves only the lower extremities
and occurs where injury was below the level of the first thoracic vertebra (mid-lower back.
Head Injury (cerebral trauma): The term "head injury" is used to describe a wide array of injuries,
including concussion, brain stem injury, closed head injury, cerebral hemorrhage, depressed skull
fracture, foreign object (e.g., bullet), anoxia, and post-operative infections. Like spinal cord injuries,
head injury and also stroke often results in paralysis and paresis, but there can be a variety of other
effects as well.
Stroke (cerebral vascular accident; CVA): The three main causes of stroke are: thrombosis (blood
clot in a blood vessel block blood flow past that point), hemorrhage (resulting in bleeding into the
brain tissue; associated with high blood pressure or rupture of an aneurysm).

What is ALS?

5.4.3 Problems
Problems faced by individuals with physical impairments include poor muscle control, weakness
and fatigue, difficulty in walking, talking, seeing, speaking, sensing or grasping (due to pain or
weakness), difficulty reaching things, and difficulty doing complex or compound manipulations (push,
and turn). Individuals with spinal cord injuries may be unable to use their limbs and may use
"mouthsticks" for most manipulations. Twisting motions may be difficult or impossible for people
with many types of physical disabilities (including cerebral palsy, spinal cord injury, arthritis, multiple
sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, etc.).
Some individuals with severe physical disabilities may not be able to operate even well-designed
products directly. These individuals usually must rely on assistive devices which take advantage of
their specific abilities and on their ability to use these assistive devices with standard products.
Commonly used assistive devices include mobility aids (e.g., crutches, wheelchairs), manipulation
aids (e.g., prosthetics, orthotics, reaches) communication aids (e.g., single switch-based artificial
voice), and computer/device interface aids (e.g., eyegaze-operated keyboard).
Self Assessment
2. Multiple Choice Questions
Choose the correct option:
(i) It is true that children learn to articulate, vocalize and use language by................
(a) threat (b) ear (c) mouth (d) vocals
(ii) Children who are the victims of cerebral palsy often lack stimulation to ...................... .
(a) speak (b) hear (c) see (d) touch
(iii) The cognitive impairment is also called as.................
(a) hearing impairment (b) visual impairment
(c) speech impairment (d) orthopedic impairment
(iv) ...................... is not related to locomotors handicap.
(a) bones (b) joints (c) muscles (d) brain
(v) Older adults characterized by muscle rigidity, slowness of movements and a unique type of
tremor are suffered by........................ .
(a) Parkinson's disease (b) Multiple sclerosis
(c) Lou Gehrig's disease (d) Muscular dystrophy

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