Page 93 - DSOC404_METHODOLOGY_OF_SOCIAL_RESEARCH_ENGLISH

Unit-12: Sampling

seen on the surface also, there is a unity and similarity imminent. for e.g., in human body notes
composition, apparently many dissimilarities are viewable, still from the bodily point of
view many similarities are existent in them. this is the reason that sample is considered to
be the representative of universe. lundberg has written, “if excessive similarity is found
in the facts there is very little difference in various units of all the facts, then some or any
unit from the whole will appropriately represent the unity”. in this way sampling method
is based on the belief that in diversity also similarities are imminent, which can be searched
in the study of social events.
2. Possibility of Representative Selection: sampling is based on this belief that from the whole
group, few units may be selected in such a manner that they may represent the unity, but
for this it is important that in units of sampling all those attributes should be there which
are there in the root unity.
3. adequate accuracy: Any sample cannot cent-percent represent the unity, still accuracy
may be found in adequate amount. our effort should be that numbers of units in sample are
sufficient, so that it is representative and the inferences drawn from its study may correctly
portray the actual condition.

4. Determination of Sampling Unit: After determining the unity, next step is to determine
the units of sample. We have to decide which will be the units of our sample? These units
may be anything- person, institution , family, group, profession, residential area etc. sample
units are of four types:
(i) Geographical unit, like—a state, district, city, village, ward etc.
(ii) Building related unit—like house, flat, room, quarter etc.
(iii) Group related unit—like family, school, club, church and committee etc.
(iv) Personal units—like person, ladies, men, labour, student, teacher and farmer etc.
Unit should be always clear, free of doubt, definite and according to the subject which should
get easily available to the researcher.
5. source list: that list in which there is name of all the units of the universe is called source list.
readymade source list may be available or it can be got prepared also. Parton has mentioned
many places where source list may be obtained like census report, telephone directory, wage
–distribution list, and list of students, taxpayers, teachers, land lords etc. can be obtained
from various offices. For a good source list it is important that it is complete, latest, and valid,
according to subject and is easily available.
6. Determination of Sample Size: the fourth step of sampling process is to determine the size
of sample. size of sample should not be very small or very big, but according to the number
and nature of the universe. size of sample is directly related to the amount of accuracy, time,
cost and organization. What should be the size of sample, depends on lot of things like,
homogeneity and irregularity of universe,nature of study, method of study, number of units,
availability of time and money, amount of accuracy, credibility and authenticity etc.
7. Selection of Sampling Method: the last step of sampling method is selection of sampling
method. selection of sampling method depends on problems of study, nature of universe,
money, time and availability of workers and resources. sampling method should be such
which can be used easily and there is no bias in taking samples. Which method must be
chosen from random sampling, purposive sampling, stratified sampling or nirdistansh
sampling, this decision, researcher has to take on the basis of his resourcefulness and his
experience related to research.

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