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Unit 10: Emotions and Perception

10.1.2 Emotional Intelligence Notes

Emotional Intelligence (EI), often measured as an Emotional Intelligence Quotient (EQ), is a
term that describes the ability, capacity, skill or (in the case of the trait EI model) a self-perceived
ability, to identify, assess, and manage the emotions of one's self, of others, and of groups.
Different models have been proposed for the definition of EI and disagreement exists as to how
the term should be used.

Substantial disagreement exists regarding the definition of EI, with respect to both terminology
and operationalizations. The definitions are so varied, and the field is growing so rapidly, that
researchers are constantly amending even their own definitions of the construct. At the present
time, there are three main models of EI:
1. Ability EI models
2. Mixed models of EI

3. Trait EI model
Let us understand each of them one by one.
1. Ability-based model: Salovey and Mayer's conception of EI strives to define EI as: "The
ability to perceive emotion, integrate emotion to facilitate thought, understand emotions
and to regulate emotions to promote personal growth."
The ability based model views emotions as useful sources of information that help one to
make sense of and navigate the social environment. The ability is seen to manifest itself in
certain adaptive behaviors. The model proposes that EI includes four types of abilities:
(a) Perceiving emotions
(b) Using emotions
(c) Understanding emotions

(d) Managing emotions
The ability-based model has been criticized in the research for lacking face and predictive
validity in the workplace.
2. Mixed models of EI: There are following mixed models of EI:

(a) Emotional Competencies (Goleman) Model: This model focuses on EI as a wide array of
competencies and skills that drive leadership performance. Goleman model outlines
four main EI constructs:
(i) Self-awareness
(ii) Self-management
(iii) Social awareness
(iv) Relationship management
Goleman includes a set of emotional competencies within each construct of EI.
Emotional competencies are not innate talents, but rather learned capabilities that
must be worked on and developed to achieve outstanding performance.

(b) Bar-On model of Emotional-Social Intelligence (ESI): Bar-On (2006) developed one of the
first measures of EI that used the term Emotion Quotient. He defines emotional
intelligence as being concerned with effectively understanding oneself and others,
relating well to people, and adapting to and coping with the immediate surroundings
to be more successful in dealing with environmental demands. Bar-On posits that EI
develops over time and that it can be improved through training, programming,

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