Page 48 - DSOC102_SOCIAL_INSTITUTIONS_HINDI

bdkbZ 4 % ttekuh O;oLFkk

lH;rk esa fo'ks"k :i ls lekfgr gSaA ;tekuksa vkSj lsoknkjksa osQ chp dk caèku leku èkkfeZd&vkfFkZd lacaèkksa uksV
dk ykHk mBkuk gS] u fd lekt esa èku o 'kfDr osQ Ïksrksa esa leku lacaèkksa dkA
vr% ;g Lohdkj fd;k tk ldrk gS fd ;tekuh izFkk esa ;teku dh fLFkfr u rks tehankj oxZ osQ lkFk vkSj
u gh izHkqRo laiUu tkfr osQ lkFk feyrh gS vkSj u gh ;g fdlh fo'ks"k lkekftd lewg dh lnL;rk ij fuHkZj
djrh gS_ cfYd ;g rks Hkwfe osQ LokfEkRo] ;k fdlh Hkh lkèku ls Hkwfe ls izkIr mRiknu ij fuHkZj jgrh gSA
es;j (1960)] ekFkqj (1958) vkSj iksdkWd (1963) us Hkh ekuk gS fd o`Qf"k Hkwfe rd igq¡p Hkkjr esa ges'kk
tkfr&eqDr (caste free) jgh gS ftldk vFkZ gS fd ;teku fLFkfr dh oqQN lekurk cuk, j[kus osQ lkekU;
lkèku Js.khozQe (hierarchy) esa fdlh Hkh tkfr osQ lnL;ksa osQ fy, lnSo miyCèk jgs gSaA gSjksYM xkmYM
(1987 %177) dk vuqlj.k djrs gq, ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk tk ldrk gS fd ;tekuksa dks (lkekftd oxZ osQ
:i esa) 'kks"kd dh n`f"V ls ugha ns[kk tk ldrkA T;knk ls T;knk ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ;tekuksa }kjk
dehuksa dks nh tkus okyh jkf'k orZeku esa de gS ftlosQ dkj.k os vU; lkèkuksa ls udn vk; <wa<us osQ fy,
ckè; gksrs gSaA nwljh vksj] ;teku dh fLFkfr (iqjkuh lkekftd O;oLFkk esa Hkh) osQoy Hkwfe osQ vkèkkj ij
oqQyhurk rd dHkh Hkh lhfer ugha jghA nwljh tkfr osQ yksxksa dks Hkh ;teku cuus osQ volj izkIr FksA ysfdu
;teku gksuk vkSj orZeku izHkko'kkyh jktuSfrd O;oLFkk dk fgLlk gksuk Lor% lkFk&lkFk vfUre iM+ko ugha
FksA jktuSfrd Js.khozQe dh lnL;rk ml 'kfDr vkSj HkkSfrdrk dks izkIr djus dk ftls og ;teku gksdj izkIr
dj ldrk Fkk] osQoy ,d lkèku ek=k FkkA ;g dksbZ ,dkfUrd lkèku (exclusive means) ugha FkkA
;teku gksus dk vFkZ Fkk ,d :f<+oknh fgUnw gksuk ftldk ewY; O;oLFkk esa oqQN fo'ks"kKksa (lsod tkfr;ksa)
osQ lkFk laioZQ cukuk vko';d FkkA tehankj gksus dk eryc gksrk Fkk 'kkld oxZ dk gksuk (Harold
Gould, 1987 : 185)A ;teku dehu dk 'kks"kd ugha Fkk ;|fi tehankj ^'kks"kd* gks ldrk FkkA ^;teku*
cuus dh bPNk gksuk ^lkearh fLFkfr* ;k ^de”kksjksa osQ 'kks"k.k dh vksj >qdko* dk gksuk ugha gS cfYd oqQN
fjoktksa dk ikyu djus vkSj vifo=k thou ls cpus dh bPNk gSA
4-8 ;tekuh izFkk esa ifjorZu (Changes in Jajmani System)

;tekuh O;oLFkk dk tkfr O;oLFkk] èkkfeZd O;oLFkk] HkwLokeh O;oLFkk] ukrsnkjh O;oLFkk vkSj xk¡o osQ
jktuSfrd orZeku esa bu lHkh O;oLFkkvksa esa vkus okys ifjorZuksa us ;tekuh O;oLFkk dh dk;Ziz.kkyh dks Hkh
izHkkfor fd;k gSA foxr ik¡p ;k N% n'kdksa esa ;tekuh izFkk dks izHkkfor djus okys izeq[k ifjorZu bl izdkj
gSa% xk¡o osQ cqtqxks± dh iapk;r dh 'kfDr;ksa esa deh] dehuksa }kjk dh tkus okyh lsokvksa dh xq.koÙkk ij iQSDVjh
rFkk vkS|ksxhdj.k dk izHkko] tkfr izFkk dh lf[r;ksa esa f'kfFkyrk] f'k{kk dk izlkj] eè;e vkSj fuEu tkfr;ksa
osQ yksxksa dk HkkSfrd lqfoèkkvksa vkSj ukSdjh dh ryk'k esa 'kgjksa dh vksj izoztu] tkxhjnkjh izFkk dk mUewyu]
Hkwfe lqèkkjksa dk ykxw gksuk] 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa vPNk jkstxkj feyuk] vkèkqfud ;krk;kr dh lqfoèkkvksa osQ miyCèk
gksus osQ dkj.k ck”kkj osQ ysunsu esa lqfoèkk] vkfnA bu lHkh dkjdksa osQ dkj.k vusd xk¡oksa esa ;tekuh izFkk
;k rks de”kksj gks xbZ gS ;k lekIr gks xbZ gSA f'kfYi;ksa dks viuh phtksa osQ cnys udn ewY; vfèkd vPNk
yxrk gSA ftu fdlkuksa osQ ikl iSlk gS os ck”kkj ls vPNh xq.koÙkk okyh oLrq,¡ [kjhnuk vPNk le>rs gSaA
izHkqRo okyh tkfr;k¡ dehuksa ls leFkZu ysus dh vis{kk jktuSfrd lgk;rk ysuk vPNk ekurs gSA ;g dksbZ
vk'p;Z ugha gS fd orZeku esa ;tekuh izFkk dkiQh de”kksj iM+ xbZ gSA bjkorh dosZ vkSj okbZ- ch- Mkeys
(1963 % 151&152) us egkjk"Vª osQ ik¡p xk¡oksa esa 1962 esa fd, x, losZ{k.k esa nks&frgkbZ mÙkjnkrk (326
esa ls 222) vkSj cksl vkSj tks/k (1965 % 118&123) us 80» mÙkjnkrk (129 esa ls 111)] (1963 esa if'pe
jktLFkku osQ ckM+esj ftys esa losZ{k.k esa) ;tekuh izFkk osQ i{k esa ik,A blosQ eq[; dkj.k Fks % vkfFkZd ykHk]
deZdkaM lsokvksa dh miyfCèk] vius xqVh; la?k"kks± esa oqQN ifjokjksa ;k tkfr;ksa osQ HkwLokfe;ksa dk fo'oLr
lg;ksx ysuk] vkikr dky esa vius laj{kdksa dk laj{k.k izkIr djuk] vkfnA lR; ;g gS fd gky osQ o"kks± esa
;tekuh lacaèk cgqr de”kksj gks x, gSaA vc xk¡o dh vFkZO;oLFkk ;tekuh ysus&nsus ij ugha pyrhA chfMyeSu
Hkh bl er osQ gSa fd blesa lansg gS fd ;tekuh izFkk Hkfo"; esa jgsxh Hkh ;k ughaA

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