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Vinod Kumar, Lovely Professional University



                    uksV
                                   bdkbZμ11% vf'kf{kr dk ân;μ dFkklkj] pfj=k&fp=k.k]

                                                                lizlax O;k[;k






                                     vuqØef.kdk
                                     mís';
                                     izLrkouk
                                     11.1 vf'kf{kr dk ân;μdFkklkj
                                     11.2 ik=k ,oa pfj=k&fp=k.k

                                     11.3 egÙoiw.kZ va'kksa dh lizlax O;k[;k
                                     11.4 'kCndks'k
                                     11.5 vH;kl&iz'u
                                     11.6 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ



                                  mís';
                                  fo|kFkhZ bl bdkbZ osQ vè;;u osQ i'pkr~ l{ke gksaxsμ

                                      fo'oaHkjukFk 'kekZ ^dkSf'kd* dh dgkuh ^vf'kf{kr dk ân;* osQ dFkkud ,oa ik=kksa osQ pfj=k dks
                                      le>us esaA

                                  izLrkouk

                                  ^vf'kf{kr dk ân;* dgkuh esa ^ys[kd* us ,d vf'kf{kr xzkeh.k osQ ân; dk lPpk vkSj vVwV Lusg
                                  fn[kk;k gSA euksgj dh fu"diV Hkkouk rFkk uo;qod rstk osQ ân; dh dkseyrk us dgkuh esa ,d fo'ks"k
                                  vkd"kZ.k iSnk dj fn;k gSA ys[kd us BkoqQj f'koiky flag osQ :i esa fdlkuksa osQ lkFk tehankjksa osQ funZ;h
                                  O;ogkj dk Hkh fp=k.k fd;k gSA


                                  11-1 vf'kf{kr dk ân;μ dFkklkj

                                  xzkeh.k ifjos'k ij vk/kfjr bl dgkuh esa cw<+k euksgj flag vkSj BkoqQj f'koiky flag dgkuh osQ eq[; ik=k
                                  gSaA iwjh dgkuh euksgj flag dh fu"diV Hkkoukvksa osQ bnZ&fxnZ ?kwerh gSA mldh Hkkoukvksa dh rhozrk dks gh
                                  iznf'kZr djus osQ fy, vU; pfj=k x<+s x, gSaA euksgj flag us dksbZ Ms<+ o"kZ iwoZ BkoqQj f'koiky flga ls [ksrh
                                  osQ fy, tehu yh FkhA ,d o"kZ [ksrh djus osQ i'pkr~ mls oqQN fo'ks"k vukt u fey ldk ftlosQ dkj.k
                                  BkoqQj f'koiky flag dk yxku jg x;kA ftlosQ cnys esa mlus vius njokts ij [kM+k iqjkuk uhe dk isM+
                                  fxjoh j[k fn;k FkkA BkoqQj f'koiky flag us Ms<+ o"kZ i'pkr~ euksgj flag dks yxku osQ #i;s ;kn fnyk,]
                                  tks vc C;kt osQ lkFk 25 #i;s gks x, FksA
                                  euksgj flag osQ ikl #i;s pqdkus dk dksbZ T+kfj;k u FkkA vr% mlus BkoqQj ls feUur dh fd vkiosQ iSls
                                  rks eSa pqdk nwaxk vkSj ugha rks esjk isM+ rks vkiosQ ikl fxjoh j[kk gh gqvk gSA euksgj flag dh ckr lqudj



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