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bdkbZ—12% U;k;ea=khμ dFkklkj] pfj=k&fp=k.k] lizlax O;k[;k




            ,d lk/kj.k&lk vkneh bruh fo}rkiw.kZ ckrsa dj jgk gSA ijnslh us f'k'kqiky ls dgk fd ;fn lezkV v'kksd  uksV
            dks irk yx tk, rks vkidks vo'; vius 'kklu esa fdlh vPNs in ij fu;qDr dj nsaA



                              ^U;k; ea=kh* dgkuh dh i`"BHkwfe ,sfrgkfld gSA dgkuh esa bfrgkl izfl¼ pØorhZ
                              lezkV v'kksd osQ 'kklu dky dk le; fn[kk;k x;k gSA

            f'k'kqiky us vfrfFk dh ckr lqudj dgk fd vktdy rks balkiQ jgk gh ugha ft/j ns[kks vU;k; gh vU;k;
            gSA mldh ckr lqudj vfrfFk us dgk fd nwljksa esa nks"k <w¡<+uk cgqr vklku gS ysfdu ;fn [kqn djuk iM+ tk,
            rks cM+k dfBu gSA vfrfFk dh ;g ckr lqudj f'k'kqiky us vkos'k esa dgk fd ;fn volj feys rks djosQ fn[kk
            nw¡xk fd U;k; fdls dgrs gSa\
            ijnslh pyk x;kA nwljs fnu f'k'kqiky dks jktk v'kksd osQ njckj esa gkftj gksus dk gqDe feykA bl cqykos ij
            f'k'kqiky cM+h d'ked'k esa iM+kA mlosQ eu esa cgqr ls vPNs&cqjs [;ky vk, vkSj vkf[kjdkj og ^lezkV*
            v'kksd osQ njckj esa igq¡pkA ysfdu f'k'kqiky jktk dks ns[kdj nax jg x;k fd ;s rks ogh ijnslh gSA

            jktk v'kksd us f'k'kqiky ls dgk fd czkã.k eSa rqEgkjh dgh x;h ckr dh ijh{kk ysuk pkgrk gw¡ fd ;fn rqEgsa
            volj fn;k tk, rks rqe U;k; dk Madk ctk nksxsA f'k'kqiky rS;kj gks x;kA jktk us mls ,d vaxwBh nh tks mlosQ
            ikl U;k; ea=kh gksus dk lcwr jgsA bl izdkj oqQN gh fnu chrus osQ i'pkr~ jkT; esa f'k'kqiky osQ U;k; dh èkwe
            ep x;hA

            ,d fnu ,d O;fDr us vk/h jkr dks fdlh L=kh osQ njokts ij tkdj njoktk [kV[kVk;kA L=kh us vutku O;fDr
            dks ns[kdj njoktk ugha [kksykA ml O;fDr us tc vf'k"Vrk fn[kkbZ rks ,d igjsnkj us vkdj mls jksdus dh
            dksf'k'k dhA nksuksa us ryokj fudky yhA igjsnkj u;k Fkk] ,d gh okj esa fxj x;kA igjsnkj dh e`R;q ls og
            O;fDr Mj x;k D;ksafd og mls osQoy Mjkuk pkgrk FkkA
            vxys fnu izkr%dky ;g ?kVuk iwjs uxj esa iSQy x;hA yksx vk'p;Zpfdr Fks fd f'k'kqiky osQ 'kklu esa ,slh
            ?kVuk gqbZA U;k; ea=kh f'k'kqiky us bl ?kVuk dh xgu tk¡p djkbZ vkSj nks"kh dks n.M nsus dk fu'p; fd;kA
            jktk v'kksd us pqukSrh nh fd U;k; ea=kh dks nks"kh dks idM+dj njckj esa nf.Mr djuk gksxkA
            vkf[kjdkj njckj yxk vkSj lHkh yksx ,d=k gq,A L=kh us njckj esa jktk v'kksd dks ns[kk rks igpku xbZ vkSj
            /hjs ls bldh lwpuk mlus U;k; ea=kh dks nh] U;k;ea=kh us blh vk/kj ij jktk v'kksd dks fxjÝrkj dj nf.Mr
            djus dk fu.kZ; lquk;kA U;k;ea=kh dk fu.kZ; lqu iztk t;t;dkj djus yxhA





                    lqn'kZu dh fdlh vU; egRoiw.kZ dgkuh dk mYys[k dhft,A


            12-2 ik=k ,oa pfj=kμfp=k.k


            U;k; ea=kh ^f'k'kqiky*
            U;k;ea=kh osQ :i esa czkã.k f'k'kqiky dgkuh dk eq[; ik=k gSA lqn'kZu dh dgkfu;k¡ vkn'kZokn ls izsfjr gSaA
            fdlh&u&fdlh :i esa vkn'kZokn dh LFkkiuk mudk eq[; y{; fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA f'k'kqiky czkã.k dk pfj=k
            Hkh fdlh&u&fdlh :i esa vkn'kZ dh HkkoHkwfe ij x<+k x;k gSA f'k'kqiky xjhc czkã.k t:j gS ¯drq og czkã.k
            dk u osQoy drZO; cfYd czkã.k gksus osQ vius egÙo dks Hkh le>rk gSA bldk ifjp; bl ckr ls fey tkrk



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