Page 104 - DPOL202_COMPARATIVE_POLITICS_AND_GOVERNMENT_HINDI

bdkbZμ5% jktuhfrd lekthdj.k

osQ Hkkjh Hkjde dk;ks± ls tw>uk iM+rk gSA lokZfèkdkjoknh jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa (;Fkk iQkflLV bVyh] ukt+h teZuh uksV
vkSj dE;wfuLV lksfo;r la?k) osQ lkfgR; esa bl fo"k; ij dkiQh vfèkd è;ku fn;k x;k gSA ,d vkSj çdkj dk
iqu% lekthdj.k rc gksrk gS tc dksbZ lewg ,d ,sls O;fDr dks ,slh gSfl;r esa 'kkfey dj ysrk gS ftlosQ fy,
;g vius igys osQ çf'k{k.k osQ dkj.k rRij ugha FkkA bl fn'kk esa lkekftd lapkyuh;rk (social mobility) dk
ftØ fd;k tk ldrk gSA osQoy bu xkS.k vkSj chp dh laLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedk dks tc le> fy;k tkrk gS rc gh
ge vfèkd fo'okl osQ lkFk bl ckr dh O;k[;k dj ldrs gSa fd ,d lqf'kf{kr vkSj lqçf'kf{kr ih<+h ,d LFkkfir
O;k[;k osQ fo:¼ D;ksa Økafr djrh gS ;k Øk¡kfrdkjh tkikuh fd'kksj ,d vuqnkj O;Ld D;ksa curk gSA¸
jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dh çfØ;k osQ nks pj.k gSaμ (1) ltkrh; (homogeneous) ;k lrr ftldk vfHkçk;
;g gS fd viuh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk osQ çfr ikjLifjd fo'okl osQ okrkoj.k esa O;fDr ,d nwljs osQ lkFk lg;ksx
djsa] vkSj (2) fotkrh; (heterogeneous) vFkok vlrr~ ftldk vfHkçk; ;g gS fd O;fDr ,d nwljs osQ

çfr ikjLifjd vfo'okl] lUnsg vkSj ?k`.kk dh Hkkouk j[krs gSa ftlosQ dkj.k os viuh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk osQ
çfr foeq[k vFkok mnklhu gks tkrs gSaA bl çdkj] ltkrh; vFkok lrr jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dh çfØ;k esa
jktuhfrd O;oLFkk bl ckr dh vk'kk dj ldrh gS fd mls O;fDr;ksa dk fo'oluh; lg;ksx feysxk] blls
leLr jktuhfrd thou osQ ¶foÊy vkSj fo{kqCèk gksus dh laHkkouk gksrh gS] ftlosQ ifj.kkeLo:i fujk'kk gksxh
vkSj Øk¡frdkjh lkekftd ifjorZu dh ekax dh tk,xhA¸ tkfgj gS] jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh fLFkjrk osQ fgr esa
;g vko';d gS fd yksx viuh thou'kfDr ltkrh; i;kZoj.k ls xzg.k djsaA¸
bl voLFkk ij bl ckr dh vksj laosQr fd;k tkuk pkfg, fd] ;|fi okLro esa jktuhfrd lekthdj.k osQ
fy, jktuhfrd LFkkf;Ro dh vis{kk tkrh gS] bls fdlh lwjr esa ifjorZu&fojksèkh ladYiuk ugha le>k tkuk
pkfg,A fuf'prr% bls bl vFkZ esa ,d vuqnkj ladYiuk le>k tk ldrk gS fd ;g ,sls ifjorZu dk leFkZu
djrh gS tks u Økafrdkjh gS u rhozA blesa bl fo"k; ij cy fn;k x;k gS fd tc ifjorZu gksuk çd`fr dk
fu;e gS rks mls Øfed vkSj 'kk¡friw.kZ gksuk pkfg,A bl çdkj] jktuhfrd lekthdj.k esa bl ckr ij cy
fn;k tkrk gS fd vxj dkykUrj esa yksxksa dh vfHko`fÙk;ksa] vfHkfoU;klksa vkSj ewY;ksa esa ifjorZu vkrk gS] rks lkFk
gh jktuhfrd laLd`fr esa ,d ifjorZu vo'; vkuk pkfg, rkfd ml vkdfLed ifjorZu osQ [krjs ls cpk tk
losQ ftlls jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dk fouk'k vFkok {k; gks ldrk gSA bldk vfHkçk; ;g gS fd jktuhfrd ewY;ksa
dks vkdkj çnku djus dh çfØ;k vkSj ifjorZu dh çfØ;k ,d nwljs osQ vuqdwy gksuh pkfg,A blosQ fy, ;g
vko';d gS fd 'kkldksa dks eqæk&LiQhfr vkSj ;q¼ tSlh fdlh çeq[k ?kVuk dks jksdus osQ fy, lrdZ jguk pkfg,
ftlls yksxksa vkSj mudh vfHko`fÙk;ksa esa fdlh çdkj osQ Økafrdkjh ifjorZu u vkus ik,¡A vr% lÙkk:<+ O;fDr;ksa
dk ;g ije dÙkZO; gks tkrk gS fd og ns[ksa fd bu ?kVukvksa dk ncko ,sls fcUnq ij u igq¡ps ftlls oiQknkj
O;fDr foæksgh cu tk,¡] lg;ksxh yksx vkØked cu tk,¡ vkSj nksLr nq'eu cu tk,¡ bl ,sfrgkfld rF; osQ
dkj.k fd vxj lekthdj.k dh çfd;k lgt vkSj ftl jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dk ns'k dh jktuhfrd laLd`fr
osQ lkFk lek;kstu vPNh çdkj ls gks x;k gS] og çHkkoh vkSj lqpk# rjhosQ ls dk;Z dj losQxkA blosQ foijhr]
;fn jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dh çfØ;k vfrrhoz gks xbZ gS rks blosQ dkj.k lc dqN vLrO;Lr gks tk,xkA¸

jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dh çfd;k dky vkSj ml i;kZoj.k osQ vuqlkj vyx&vyx gksrh gS ftldk ;g vax
gksrh gS vkSj ftlesa bldk ;ksxnku gksrk gSA vr% bldk jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh çÑfr vkSj ifjorZu dh ek=kk
,oa LoHkko ls xgjk lacaèk gSA ¶jkT; O;oLFkk ftruh LFkk;h gksxh] mruh gh jktuhfrd lekthdj.k osQ eq[;
vfHkdrkZvks fof'k"V gksaxhA blosQ foijhr] vlokZfèkdkjoknh jkT; O;LFkk esa eq[; vfHkdrkZvksa dh o`f¼ gksaxhA jkT;
O;oLFkk esa Økafr dh ek=kk ftruh vfèkd cqfu;knh gksxh] jktuhfrd lekthdj.k dh vfHkdrkZ,a mruh gh vfèkd
f'kf{kr gksaxhA¸ cgjgky] gesa bl ijeksRd"kZ rF; dh vogsyuk ugha djuh pkfg, fd jktuhfrd lekthdj.k
dh vfHkdrkZ,a mruh gh vfèkd fof'k"V gksaxhA¸ fdlh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk osQ vuqj{k.k vkSj iqu% vko`fÙk ls blosQ

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