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rqyukRed jktuhfr vkSj ljdkj
uksV z rqyukRed jktuhfr esa jktuhfrd laLÑfr dh voèkkj.kk dh lkekU; mi;ksfxrk dks Li"V djrs gq, flMuh ockZ
us fy[kk gS fd ¶vkèkqfud 'krkCnh esa jktuhfrd txr vkSj jktuhfrd vè;;u {ksË nksuksa gh esa rhu ifjorZu
gq, gSaA u;s jk"Vªksa dk mn; gqvk gS] iqjkuksa esa ifjorZu gq, gSa vkj mudh ,slh leL;k,¡ mB [kM+h gqbZ gSa tks jktuhfr
S
'kkLË osQ fo}kuksa rFkk orZeku laLFkkvksa dh {kerkvksa dks ,d pqukSrh gSA¸ ,slh pqukSrh dk lkeuk djus dh
{kerkvksa dk Kku jktuhfrd laLÑfr dh voèkkj.kk osQ vkèkkj ij gh fd;k tk ldrk gSA
z ockZ us lkaLÑfrd igyw ij fo'ks"k è;ku nsus osQ nks dkj.k ekus gSaA igyk rks ;g fd ;|fi jktuhfrd
O;oLFkk,¡ fdlh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk osQ vkSipkfjd vkSj vukSipkfjd igyqvksa osQ lkFk gh jktuhfrd
laLÑfr osQ tfVy rkus&ckus dk çfrfufèkRo djrh gS] rFkkfi vè;;udrkZ osQ ikl tks lhfer lkèku
miyCèk gSa muosQ vkèkkj ij jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa dh lEiw.kZrk dk ,dckjxh gh vè;;u ugha fd;k tk
ldrk gSA nwljs ;g fd fdlh Hkh lekt dh jktuhfrd laLÑfr ogka dh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dk ,d cgqr
gh egÙoiw.kZ igyw gSA¸
4-4 'kCndks'k (Keywords)
rVLFk % fdlh Hkh i{k dks leFkZu u nsukA
vkR;afrd fu"d"kZ % vafre fu"d"kZ
4-5 vH;kl&ç'u (Review Questions)
1- jktuhfrd laLÑfr osQ vki D;k le>rs gSa\ blosQ f=kLrjh; ewY;k¡du dh O;k[;k dhft,A
2- ledkyhu jktuhfrd laLÑfr;ksa dh izo`fÙk;ksa dk foospu dhft,A
3- jktuhfrd laLÑfr dh mi;ksfxdrk ij izdk'k Mkfy,A
mÙkj% Lo&ewY;k¡du (Answer: Self Assessment)
1- lR;kiu ;k tk¡p 2- vfHk;ku 3- ekiuh;rk (Measurability)
4- çR;;ksa 5- jktuhfrd lekthdj.k
4-6 lanHkZ iqLrosQa (Further Readings)
1- rqyukRed 'kklu ,oa jktuhfrμMkW- chjosQ'oj izlkn flag] Kkunk izdk'ku (ih- ,.M Mh-) 24]
nfj;kxat] valkjh jksM] fnYyhA
2. rqyukRed jktuhfrμts-lh- tkSgjh] LVfy±x ifCy'ktZ izk-fy-] fnYyhA
3- rqyukRed jktuhfr ,oa jktuhfrd laLFkk,¡μlh-ch- xsuk] fodkl ifCyf'kax gkml izk-fy- valkjh
jksM] fnYyhA
4- rqyukRed jktuhfr dh :ijs[kkμ vkse izdk'k xkck] e;wj isij cSDl] uks,MkA
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