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rqyukRed jktuhfr vkSj ljdkj



                    uksV          z   vkèkqfud dky esa jktuhfrd lerk osQ fl¼kUr dks viuk;k x;k gSA vr% èkuoku vkSj fuèkZu lHkh dks leku
                                      jktuhfrd vfèkdkj izkIr gSaA
                                  z   Hkkjr esa dksbZ Hkh O;fDr] tks ljdkjh ;k fdlh ykHk osQ in ij gks foèkkue.My dk lnL; ugha gks ldrk
                                      gSA la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa rks dk;Zikfydk dk lnL; ;kuh ea=khx.k dkaxzsl osQ lnL; ugha gks ldrs gSA bl
                                      cUèku dk ,d dkj.k gS fd dk;Zikfydk osQ lnL; O;oLFkkfidk osQ lnL; gks tk;sa rks os futh LokFkZ osQ fy,
                                      dkuwu dk fuekZ.k djsaxsA
                                  z   izR;sd ns'k esa ogka osQ izfrfufèk;ksa dks fo'ks"kkfèkdkj izkIr jgrk gSA mUgsa lafoèkku osQ izfr J¼k vkSj fu"Bk
                                      j[kus osQ rFkk drZO; dk J¼kiwoZd ikyu djus dh 'kiFk ysuh iM+rh gSA mUgsa foèkkulHkk rFkk mlosQ ckgj
                                      fopkj vfHkO;Dr dh iw.kZ LorU=krk jgrh gSA Hkk"k.k nsus osQ fo:¼ mu ij dksbZ dk;Zokgh ugha dh tk ldrhA
                                      lnu osQ vfèkos'ku osQ le; esa mUgsa lkèkkj.kr% fxjÝrkj ugha fd;k tk ldrkA izfrfufèk;ksa dks fu;fer :i
                                      ls okf"kZd ;k ekfld osru rFkk vU; izdkj osQ HkÙks feyrs gSaA

                                  12-5 'kCndks'k (Keywords)


                                  x.kra=k % fuokZfpr jk"Vªkè;{k okyk ns'k
                                  fod`r % fdlh Hkh oLrq vFkok tho dk fcxM+k ,oa Hk;kud :iA

                                  12-6 vH;kl&ç'u  (Review Questions)

                                  1-  fczfV'k] vejhdh] izQkalhlh vkSj fLol osQ lanHkZ eas izfrfufèkRo osQ fl¼karksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A

                                  2-  fczVsu] izQkal vkSj vesfjdk esa ernku O;ogkj dk foospuk dhft,A
                                  3-  fczVsu] vesfjdk] izQkal ,oa fLoV~tjyS.M dh pquko i¼fr ij fVIi.kh fyf[k,A
                                  mÙkj Lo&ewY;kadu  (Answer: Self Assessment)


                                           1- fczVsu        2- fczVsu         3- 4 o"kZ          4- turk
                                           5- fLoV~tjyS.M

                                  12-7 lanHkZ iqLrosQa  (Further Readings)





                                     iqLrosaQ  1- rqyukRed jktuhfr ,oa jktuhfrd laLFkk,¡μlh-ch- xsuk] fodkl ifCyf'kax gkml izk-fy- valkjh
                                               jksM] fnYyhA

                                            2- rqyukRed 'kklu ,oa jktuhfrμMkW- chjosQ'oj izlkn flag] Kkunk izdk'ku (ih- ,.M Mh-) 24]
                                               nfj;kxat] valkjh jksM] fnYyhA
                                            3- rqyukRed jktuhfr dh :ijs[kkμ vkse izdk'k xkck] e;wj isij cSDl] uks,MkA
                                            4. rqyukRed jktuhfrμts-lh- tkSgjh] LVfy±x ifCy'ktZ izk-fy-] fnYyhA











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