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bdkbZμ1% rqyukRed jktuhfr dh çd`fr vkSj fo"k; {ks=k



            z   rqyukRed jktuhfr dh laf{kIr o 'kk;n lcls Li"V ifjHkk"kk ,eñ dfVZl us nh gSA muosQ vuqlkjμ¶rqyukRed  uksV
                jktuhfr dk lEcUèk jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa dh dk;Zfofèk o jktuhfrd O;ogkj dh egÙoiw.kZ fujUrjrkvksa]
                lekurkvksa vkSj vlekurkvksa ls gSA¸
            z   rqyukRed jktuhfr dh çd`fr dks ysdj fo}kuksa esa fopkj&foHksn gSA eksVs rkSj ij bldh çd`fr lEcUèkh fopkjksa

                dks nks çeq[k èkkj.kkvksa esa foHkDr fd;k tkrk gSA jktuhfr&'kkL=k osQ fo}ku o rqyukRed jktuhfr osQ vxz.kh
                de ;k vfèkd ek=kk esa nksuksa esa ls fdlh ,d èkkj.kk osQ leFkZd fn[kkbZZ nsrs gSaA ;g nks èkkj.kk,¡ gSaμ
                (d) rqyukRed jktuhfr yEckRed rqyuk gSA (It is vertical comparative study)

                ([k) rqyukRed jktuhfr {kSrhth; rqyuk gSA (It is horizontal comparative study)
            z   rqyukRed jktuhfr ,d gh ns'k esa fLFkr fofHkUu Lrjksa ij LFkkfir ljdkjksa o mudks çHkkfor djus okys
                jktuhfrd O;ogkjksa dk rqyukRed fo'ys"k.k o vè;;u gSA

            z   lekurkvksa osQ ckotwn] jk"Vªh; o vkaf'kd ljdkjksa osQ lEcUèk esa] vlekurkvksa dk gh vfèkd vkHkkl gksrk
                gSA blfy;s rqyukRed jktuhfr esa ,d gh ns'k dh fofHkUu&Lrjh; ljdkjksa dk rqyukRed fo'ys"k.k lEHko
                fn[kkbZZ nsrs gq, Hkh lkekU;hdj.k (generalization) dh lEHkkouk,¡ ugha j[krkA ,d tSlh fo"k;&ifjfèk osQ
                vHkko osQ dkj.k blosQ fu"d"kZ çekf.kd (valid) ugha gksaxs vkSj blls tks fl¼kUr cuk;s tk;saxs mudks Hkh
                fdlh laoxZ (category) esa j[kdj muls vU; ns'kksa dh ljdkjksa dks le>uk lEHko ugha gksxkA
            z   rqyukRed jktuhfr dh çd`fr lEcUèkh nwljh èkkj.kk osQ vuqlkj ;g jk"Vªh; ljdkjksa dk {kSrhth; rqyukRed

                vè;;u gSA
            z   vxj rqyukRed jktuhfr jk"Vªh; ljdkjksa dh {kSrhth; rqyuk gS rks blesa nks lEHkkouk,¡ lfEefyr fn[kkbZZ nsrh
                gSaA igyh rks ;g fd ;g rqyuk] ,d gh ns'k dh fofHkUu dkyksa esa fo|eku jk"Vªh; ljdkjksa dh vkil esa
                gks ldrh gS] rFkk nwljh] mu jk"Vªh; ljdkjksa esa] tks vkt lEiw.kZ fo'o esa fo|eku gSa] gks ldrh gSA

            z   rqyukRed jktuhfr esa ,sfrgkfld lUnHkhZ jk"Vªh; ljdkjksa dh le&Lrjh; rqyuk dh tkrh gSA bl çdkj dh
                rqyuk dk viuk vyx egÙo Hkh gSA ijUrq rqyukRed jktuhfr esa ;gh dkiQh ughaA bldh bl 'kkL=k esa lhfer
                mi;ksfxrk gh gSa blls osQoy ,d jkT; dh jk"Vªh; ljdkjksa dks fofHk dkyksa esa le>us esa gh lgk;rk feyrh
                gSA ml jk"Vª ls fHk çdkj dh laLd`fr] lH;rk o laxBu okys jkT; esa lapkfyr ljdkj dh çd`fr o
                jktuhfrd O;ogkj dks le>us osQ fy, ;g i;kZIr ugha gSA
            z   rqyukRed jktuhfr dh çd`fr osQ mijksDr foospu ls Li"V gS fd rqyukRed jktuhfr ,d LorU=k vuq'kklu

                gS tks jktuhfr&foKku esa ,d egÙoiw.kZ 'kk[kk cu x;k gSA ;|fi bldk vè;;u Hkh jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa
                ls lEcfUèkr jktuhfr ls gS fiQj Hkh ;g jktuhfr&foKku ls bl vFkZ esa fHkUu gS fd blesa jkT; o xSj&'kkldh;
                jktuhfr] nksuksa dk gh vè;;u lfEefyr gksrk gSA tcfd jktuhfr&foKku] xSj&'kkldh; jktuhfr ls çR;{k
                :i esa lEcfUèkr ugha gksrkA bl çdkj] rqyukRed jktuhfr] ,d gh ns'k dh jk"Vªh; ljdkjksa dk ,sfrgkfld
                lUnHkZ o jk"Vªh; lhekvksa osQ vkj&ikj rqyukRed vç.k;u gh ugha gS_ ;g blosQ lkFk] jktuhfrd çfØ;kvksa
                o jktuhfrd O;ogkj rFkk ljdkjh rU=kksa dks çHkkfor djus okyh xSj&ljdkjh O;oLFkkvksa dk Hkh rqyukRed
                vè;;u gSA
            z   ¶lcls vfèkd vkèkkjHkwr ckr rqyukRed jktuhfr osQ ckjs esa ;g gS fd vkt ;g ,d ,slk fo"k; gS ftlesa

                vR;fèkd fookn gS D;ksafd ;g laØe.k&fLFkfr esa gSμ,d çdkj dh fo'ys"k.k 'kSyh ls nwljs çdkj dh 'kSyh
                esa çLFkku dj jgk gSA¸



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