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rqyukRed jktuhfr vkSj ljdkj



                    uksV              tkrkA okLrfod dfBukbZ ;gk¡ ;g vkrh gS fd bu ns'kksa esa fodkl dh u ,d fn'kk gS vkSj u gh fodkl
                                      dk dksbZ ,d ekxZ gSA
                                  z   jktuhfrd fodkl osQ vFkZ dks ysdj vHkh Hkh fopkjdksa esa erHksn cuk gqvk gSA blosQ vFkZ ij erHksn dk
                                      izeq[k dkj.k bldh O;k[;k fopkjd fo'ks"k dk n`f"Vdks.k gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] LiVZ ,elZu] fyilsV] dksyeSu
                                      vkSj dVjkbV us jktuhfrd fodkl dks vkfFkZd fodkl dh jktuhfrd iwoZ&'krZ osQ :i esa le>us dk iz;kl
                                      fd;k gS tcfd jksLVkso tSls vFkZ'kkL=kh us bldks vkS|ksfxd lektksa dh fo'ks"k jktuhfr crk;k gSA xqUukj feMZy
                                      vkSj yjuj tSls lekt'kkfL=k;ksa us jktuhfrd fodkl dks jktuhfrd vkèkqfudhdj.k dk i;kZ; crk;k gSA fcaMj
                                      bldks jk"Vªh; jkT; dk izpkjd ;k la?kVd ekurk gSA
                                  z   vkeUM vkSj dksyeSu jktuhfrd fodkl dks yksdra=k dk i;kZ; dgrs gSaA lkE;oknh vkSj rkuk'kkgh 'kklu
                                      O;oLFkkvksa osQ leFkZd LFkkf;Ro vkSj O;ofLFkr ifjorZu dks jktuhfrd fodkl dk uke nsrs gSaA dqN fopkjd
                                      jktuhfrd fodkl dks 'kfDr ,oa la?kVu dk ,d :i ekurs gSaA vkeUM] dksyeSu] Cysd] vk;ULVSM vkSj
                                      dksuZ gkstj us jktuhfrd fodkl dks lkekftd ifjorZu dh cgq&fn'kk&;qDr izfØ;k osQ ,d igyw osQ :i
                                      esa foosfpr fd;k gSA
                                  z   ikbZ us bldh loZizFke ifjHkk"kk ml le; nh tc bl voèkkj.kk dk fodkl gks jgk FkkA mlosQ }kjk nh xbZ
                                      ifjHkk"kk bl izdkj gS&^^jktuhfrd fodkl] laLd`fr dk folj.k (diffusion) vkSj thou osQ iqjkus izfrekuksa
                                      dks ubZ ekaxksa osQ vuqdwy cukus] mUgsa muosQ lkFk lkeatL; cSBkuk gSA**

                                  1-5 'kCndks'k (Keywords)


                                         vkRelkrμ xzg.k djuk
                                         fogaxe n`f‘dks.kμ foLr`r utfj;k

                                  1-6 vH;kl&iz'u (Review Questions)


                                  1-  rqyukRed jktuhfr vkSj ljdkj ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ blosQ vFkZ&izÑfr] ifjHkk"kk vkSj foLrkj {ks=k
                                      dh O;k[;k dhft,A
                                  2-  rqyukRed jktuhfr osQ fodkl ij izdk'k Mkfy,A

                                  3-  jktuhfrd fodkl osQ vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk dh foospuk dhft,A
                                  mÙkj % Lo&ewY;kadu  (Answer: Self Assessment)

                                        1- ([k)       2- (d)        3- (?k)           4- (x)        5- (d)

                                  1-7 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)





                                            1- rqyukRed 'kklu ,oa jktuhfrμMkW- chjosQ'oj izlkn flag] Kkunk izdk'ku (ih- ,.M Mh-) 24]
                                               nfj;kxat] valkjh jksM] fnYyhA
                                            2. rqyukRed jktuhfrμts-lh- tkSgjh] LVfy±x ifCy'ktZ izk-fy-] fnYyhA
                                            3- rqyukRed jktuhfr ,oa jktuhfrd laLFkk,¡μlh-ch- xsuk fodkl ifCyf'kax gkml izk-fy- valkjh
                                               jksM] fnYyhA

                                            4- rqyukRed jktuhfr dh :ijs[kkμ vkse izdk'k xkck] e;wj isij cSDl] uks,MkA


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