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fJekJh^8L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk–ftt;Ekfgek
fJekJh^8L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk–ftt;Ekfgek
fJekJh^8L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk–ftt;Ekfgek
fJekJh^8L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk–ftt;Ekfgek
fJekJh^8L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk–ftt;Ekfgek
• nwoheh ;zftXkB dk fBowkD nwoheh ;[szsosk dh x'PDk 1776 s'A pknd 1787 ft~u j'fJnk ;h. BØN
fJ; x'PDk d/ nzsors ssekbhB nwohek d/ s/oK T[gBt/P fpqfNP Pk;B s'A w[esh gqkgs eoD s'A
pknd fJ~e okPNo d/ o{g ft~u i[V rJ/ ;B.
• fJ; soK nwoheh ;zftXkB d/ nzsors fJ~e nfsnzs ifNb Pk;B ftt;Ek ;Ekfgs ehsh rJh ;h.
fJ; ft~u Pk;B dhnK fszB Pkyktk^noEks ftXkfJek, ekoigkfbek ns/ fBnKgkfbek^ns/ d' g~Xo
^ noEks ;zx g~Xo ns/ oki g~Xo ;Ekfgs ehs/ rJ/ ;B ns/ UBK ft~u nto'X ns/ ;zs[bBdh
ft;fsqqs ftt;Ek ehsh rJh ;h. n;b ft~u ;zftXkB d/ ;z;Ekge fJ~ nfijh Pk;B ftt;Ek ;Ekfgs
eoBk ukj[zd/ ;B, i' ed/ th fBoze[Pszso dk o{g XkoD Bk eo gkt/. Uj fJj Io{o ukj[zd/ ;B, fe
Pk;B d/ fJBK ftftX g~XoK ft~u'A fe;/ d/ j~EK ft~u th ndw Pesh e/Adfos Bk j' gkt/.gqzs{ UBK B/
fJj ;gPN BjhA ehsk fe Pk;B dhnK fJBK ftftX PkyktK ns/ ;soK ft~u e'Jh wsG/d g?dk j' ikD
s/ T[;dk jb fet/A j't/rk ns/ T[; s/ nzfsw fBoDk e'D d/t/rk< ;z:[es oki nwohek d/ fJfsjk;
ft~u eJh tko nfij/ wsG/d g?dk j'J/.
• ;w/A d/ nzsokb Bkb ekBz{B dh gqwkfDesk d/ gqPB s/ nwoheh eKro; noEks ftXkBwzvb dh s[bBk
ft~u fBnKgkfbek dh T[Zusk ;theko eo bJh rJh j?, ns/ okiK dh s[bBk ft~u ;zx dh ekBz{Bh T[Zusk
Bz{ wkBsk d/ fd~sh rJh.
• fJ; soK ;ot^T[Zu fBnkb/ B/ nkgD/ nkg Bz{ ;zftXkB dk ;zo~fyne wzB fbnk j?.

• ftntjko d/ g~Xo s/ cqK; ftu b'eszso dh ;EkgBk ftu eJh T[sko–uVkn nkJ/. eJh tko T[E/ b'eszso
Bz{ u[D'sh fd~sh rJh, T[; T[s/ gqjko ehs/ rJ/, ns/ T[;dk dwB th eo fdZsk frnk. gozs{ 1958 ftu
T[E/ gzue rDoki (Fifth Republic) dh ;EkgBk d/ pknd b'eszso g{oh soQK ;Ekgs j' u[~ek j?.
• cqK; dk gzuw rDoki d{i/ ftPt :[~X (1939–45) d/ gqf;ZX ;?Bk BkfJe iBob ukob; fd rkb

(1890^1970) dh nrtkJh ftu ;Ekgs ehsk frnk ;h. iBob fd rkb 1953 ftu ;kotifBe ihtB
s'A ;zfBnk b? u[e/ jB, gozs{ 1958 ftu T[BQK Bz{ tkg; p[bkfJnk frnk. 1958 ftu jh okpNoh gfofgqSk
(National referendum) d/ pknd gzuw rDoki dh BhAt oy rJh ns/ BtK ;zftXkB bkr{ ehsk frnk.
iBob fd rkb 1959 s'A 1969 se cqK; d/ okPNogsh oj/. ;wekbhB cqK;h;h ;oeko dh ;z;EktK ns/
BshnK Bz{ fJe fBPfsu o{g ftu YkbD ftu fd rkb dh G{fwek ;G s'A gqGktPkbh ojh.
• cqK; d/ gzuw rDoki d/ ;zftxkB (1958) d/ nzsors fJeksws Pk;B gqDkbh (Unitary Form of
Government) ngDkJh rJh j?. ;' T[E/ fJj jh okPNoh ;oeko dh ftnt;ek ehsh rJh j?. fJ;d/
nbktk T[E/ dh iBsk 22 y/soh gfoPdK (Regional Councils) 96 wjkBro ftGkrh gfoPdK
(Metropoliton Department Councils) ns/ 36,673 Bro gkfbek gfoPdK (Municipal Coun-
cils) iK efwT{B (Communes) dh u'D th eodh j?.
• gzuw rDoki d/ ;zftXkB (1958) d/ nzsors d'–;dBhJ/ ;z;d (Two Chamber Parliament) ns/
‘d[joh ekoi gkfbek’ (Dual Excutive) dh ftnt;Ek ehsh rJh j?. fJj ftnt;Ek cqK;h;h
okiBhsh gqDkbh B{z ;kXkoD ;z;dh gqDkbh (Parliamentary System) s'A nbr f;~X eodh j?.
;kXkoD ;z;dh gqDkbh ftu gqXkB wzsoh (Prime Minister) ns/ T[;dk wzsoh wzvb (cabinet) dh
;bkj (advice) Bkb eodk j?. gozs{ cqK; ftu gqXkB wzsoh ns/ okPNogsh fwb–tzv e/ ekoiekoh
PeshnK dk gq:'r eod/ jB.
• cqK;h;h ;z;d d/ j/mb/ ;dB (Lower House) B{z okPNoh ;Gk iK B?PBb n;?Apbh (National
Assembly) fejk iKdk j?, ns/ T[gob/ ;dB (Upper House) Bz{ ;hB/N (Senate) fejk iKdk j?.
B?PBb n;?Apb ftu 577 w?Apo jz[d/ jB i' gzi ;kb d/ ekoiekb d/ bJh u[D/ iKd/ jB, jkbKfe fJ;
;dB Bz{ ;w/A s'A gfjbK th Gzr ehsk ik ;edk j?. B?PBb n;?Apbh d/ w?Apo iBsk d/ d[nkok fJe–
w?Apoh fBotkuB y/so (Single-member Constituencies) s'A u[D/ iKd/ jB. fJBQK dh u'D ftu
‘dthshne pj[ws gqDkbh’ (Run-off Absolute Majority System) dk gq:'r j[zdk j?. ftntjko

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