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fJekJh^9L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk^fBnKgkfbek
                                                                                fJekJh^9L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk^fBnKgkfbek
                                                                                fJekJh^9L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk^fBnKgkfbek
                                                                                fJekJh^9L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk^fBnKgkfbek
                                                                                fJekJh^9L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk^fBnKgkfbek
          soK nkgD/ fJ~E/ fBnK eodk j? sK ;kBz{ fJj gsk br ikdk j? fe Uj B?fse ufo~so d/ fe; ;so j?. pqkJh;  BØN
          B/ fbfynk j? fe “fe;/ ;oeko dh t[Zswsk dh e;"Nh T[; d/ fBnKftGkr dh e[Pbsk j?l feUAfe ;kXkoD
          bkrfoe d/ fjs ns/ ;[o~fynk d/ fjs ft~u fJj GktBk Io{oh j? fe UBK Bkb T[fus fBnK ibdh ehsk ikt/
          .” fco pqkJh; d/ jh PpdK ft~u “i/eo fBnK dk dhtk jB/o/ ft~u jh p[M ikt/, sK Uj jB/ok fezBk rfjD
          j't/rk, fJ; dh ebgBk th BjhA ehsh ik ;edh.” ;zy/g ft~u, fJ~e fBog~y ns/ ;[szso fBnKftGkr iK
          fBnKgkfbek s'A fpBK fe;/ ;~fGn ;zrmb dh ebgBk th BjhA ehsh ik ;edh.


                nwoheh ;otT[Zu ndkbs ns/ fBnKfJe g[Bokftb'eD
          9H1
          9H1   nwoheh ;otT[Zu ndkbs ns/ fBnKfJe g[Bokftb'eD
                nwoheh ;otT[Zu ndkbs ns/ fBnKfJe g[Bokftb'eD
          9H1
          9H1
          9H1
                nwoheh ;otT[Zu ndkbs ns/ fBnKfJe g[Bokftb'eD
                nwoheh ;otT[Zu ndkbs ns/ fBnKfJe g[Bokftb'eD  (US Supreme
                Court and Judicial Review)
          ;otT[Zu ndkbs
          ;otT[Zu ndkbs
          ;otT[Zu ndkbs  (The Supreme Court)
          ;otT[Zu ndkbs
          ;otT[Zu ndkbs
          Pesh, gqfsPmk ns/ ;zrmBL
          Pesh, gqfsPmk ns/ ;zrmBL ;z:[es oki nwohek dh ;zxh fBnKgkfbek d/ fPyo s/ ;otT[Zu ndkbs
          Pesh, gqfsPmk ns/ ;zrmBL
          Pesh, gqfsPmk ns/ ;zrmBL
          Pesh, gqfsPmk ns/ ;zrmBL
          nt;fEs j?. fJ; dk fBowkD ;zftXkB d[nkok Io{oh d~f;nk frnk j?. eKro; b/ fBnKgkfbek nfXfB:w,
          1789 d[nkok fJ; Bz{ ;zrfms ehsk. n~i ;kotifBe Pesh d/ ;otkfXe ;[szso nfGeoD (Agency) d/
          o{g ft~u fJ; dk ftek; j'fJnk j?.fit/A fe NKoNb"N B/ fejk j? fe fJj nfijh ;z;Ek j? fe fi; Bz{ ;G
          s'A x~N ;wfMnk frnk j? ns/ fi; Bz{ iBsk B/ ;G s'A nfXe sVe^GVe ft~u ;ikfJnk j? ns/ fi;dh o~fynk
          d/ bJh fbwBsw Pq/Dh dk Bkrfoe th T[m yVk j't/rk. j?fwbNB B/ fejk ;h fe okPNogsh ;wki dh sbtko
          Bz{ XkoD eodk j?. (Hold of the sword of the community) ns/ eKro; fts Bz{ fB:zsfos eodh j?.
          (Community the purse) gqzs{ ;otT[Zu ndkbs okPNogsh ns/ eKro; d'jK Bz{ wfonkfds eodk j? ns/
          f;oc e[M gqb/yK ns/ ftXhnK d/ ;fj:'r Bkb Pk;B Bz{ ;EkfJ~st gqdkB eodk j?. wsbp fJj j? fe n~I
          ;otT[Zu ndkbs dh Pesh ns/ gqfsPmk pj[s tX rJh j?. fJ~E'A s~e fe iiK Bz{ jh ;zftXkB dk fBowksk
          fejk ikD b~rk j?.
          i~iK dh ;zfynkL
          i~iK dh ;zfynkL
          i~iK dh ;zfynkL
          i~iK dh ;zfynkL ;otT[Zu ndkbs d/ ;zrmB Bz{ fBoXkfos eoD dk nfXeko eKro; Bz{ fd~sk frnk j?.
          i~iK dh ;zfynkL
          ;w/A ;w/A s/ i~iK dh ;zfynk ft~u gfotosB j[zdk fojk j?. nkozG ft~u fJ~e w[~y i~i ns/ gzi j'o i~i ;B.
          gqzs{ 1801 JhH ft~u fJ; dh ;zfynk xNk e/ 5, 1807 JhH ft~u 7, 1837 JhH ft~u 9 ns/ 1863 ft~u JhH
          ft~u tXk e/ 10 eo fd~sh rJh. fco 1866 JhH ft~u xNk e/ 7 eo fd~sh rJh. d[pkok 1869 JhH ft~u
          T[; Bz{ fBPfus eo fd~sk frnk I' ;zfynk j[D s~e uibh nk ojh j?. n~ie~b ;otT[Zu ndkbs ft~u fJ~e
          w[~y i~i ns/ 8 ;jkfje i~i jB.
          i~iK dh fB:[eshL
          i~iK dh fB:[eshL
          i~iK dh fB:[eshL
          i~iK dh fB:[eshL
          i~iK dh fB:[eshL i~iK dh fB:[esh okPNogsh eodk j?, gqzs{ fJBK fB:[eshnK dh g[PNh f;B/N d[nkok
          Io{oh j?. f;B/N okPNogsh d[nkok ehsh rJh fB:[esh Bz{ o~d eo ;edh j? fit/A fe 1930 JhH ft~u ikB
          gkoeo d/ u'D Bz{ o~d ehsk frnk ;h, 9 ngq?b 1970 Bz{ okPNogsh fBe;B d[nkok wB'Bhs i~I j/o/bv
          eko;tb/ f;B/N B/ n;theko eo fd~sk feUAfe eko;t/b ;kXkoD :'rsk dk ftnesh ;h ns/ gqikshtkd
          ft~u ftPtk; o~ydk ;h. i~iK dh fB:[esh eod/ ;w/A okPNogsh ndkbs d/ torh Xkofwe ns/ dbh rmB
          Bz{ fXnkB ft~u o~ydk j?.
          i~iK dhnK :'rsktK L
          i~iK dhnK :'rsktK L
          i~iK dhnK :'rsktK L
          i~iK dhnK :'rsktK L i~iK dhnK :'rsktK d/ ;zpzX ft~u ;zftXkB u[~g j?. gqzs{ nkw s"o s/ UBK
          i~iK dhnK :'rsktK L
          ftneshnK Bz{ i~i fB:[es ehsk iKdk j?,I' fynksh gqkgs tehb, ekBz{B d/ gqkfXnkge, ;kotifBe
          ftnesh ns/ gqPk;eh nfGeoDK d/ ;bkjdksk ofj u[e/ j'D. vkH Nkeftb/ d/ PpdK ft~u UBK dhnK
          :'rsktK Bz{ uzrh soK ftnes ehsk ik ;edk j?^ ;zxh i~i Bk e/tb uzr/ Bkrfoe ftdtkB ns/
          JhwkBdko j'D/ ukjhd/ jB, pbfe okiBhfse th j'Dk ukjhdk j?.Uj ;w/A dh rsh Bkb ;[gfofus j'D,
          ns/ UBK nto'XK dk ;kjwDk eoD ft~u Pzfes Bk j'D, fiBK Bz{ tP ft~u ehsk ik ;edk j? ns/ nfij/
          b'eK Bz{ e[ubD ft~u ;[;sh Bkb ezw Bk b?D, I' ekBz{BK bJh Io{oh ;zxh ;otT[Zusk ns/ ekbz{B d/ gkbD
          dk fto'X eoD. i/eo ;otT[Zu ndkbs ft~u ed/ p[o/ Bkrfoe ns/ Bk;wM ftnesh nk ikD, sK ;zx
          ft~u rqfj:[ZX iK nokiesk c?bD dh ;zGktBk j?. nkr ns/ o/ ;otkfXe ;cb i~I ;B. wkoPb dh
          ;cbsk dh e[zih T[;d/ gqGktPkbh ns/ wB'jkoh ftnefs~st (Forceful and winsome personality)



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