Page 109 - DSOC201_SOCIAL_STRUCTURE_AND_SOCIAL_CHANGE_HINDI

bdkbZ—6% Hkkjr esa tkfr&O;oLFkk

dgk gS fd os yksx ,d nkor dk vk;kstu djrs gSa ftlesa os dle [kkrs gSa o mu yksxksa dks tkfr ls ckgj uksV
fudkyus dk Mj fn[kkrs gSa tks ;g jgL; [kksysaxs fd lksus esa fdruh vU; èkkrq,a fdl ek=kk esa feykbZ tkrh gSaA

nks egk;q¼ksa osQ ckn rFkk ns'k osQ vkS|ksxhdj.k osQ i'pkr~ tkfr iz.kkyh dh fo'ks"krkvksa esa ls
ijEijkxr O;olk; ifjorZu osQ lEcUèk esa egÙoiw.kZ ifjorZu vk, gSaA O;olk; lEcUèkh izfrcUèkksa
esa f'kfFkyrk vkbZ gS vkSj O;olkf;d xfr'khyrk lEHko gqbZ gSA

(n) tkfr iapk;r (Cast Panchayats)μizR;sd tkfr dh viuh lfefr gksrh gS ftls tkfr iapk;r dgrs gSaA
gky gh osQ le; rd bu iapk;rksa dk vius lnL;ksa ij dkiQh izHkko FkkA ;|fi vkt oqQN tkfr iapk;rksa dh
lewps ns'k esa 'kk[kk,a Hkh gSa D;ksafd lapkj ekè;eksa dk leqfpr fodkl gqvk gS] ijUrq oqQN n'kkfCn;ksa iwoZ rd
bu ('kk[kkvksa) dk dk;Z{ks=k bruk lhfer Fkk fd lnL; vklkuh bdV~Bs gks losaQ vkSj ,d nwljs osQ izfr tkudkjh
j[k losaQA lapkj lqfoèkk rFkk vU; LFkkuh; n'kka, bu iapk;rksa dk dk;Z {ks=k fuèkkZfjr djrh gSaA bl izdkj D;ksafd
lewph tkfr ;k mi&tkfr osQ fy, ,d gh iapk;r gksus osQ vkn'kZ dks izkIr djuk vlEHko gS] vr% ,d tkfr
;k mi&tkfr osQ lnL; ,d lacafèkr lewg dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa ftls ¶fcjknjh¸ (ukrsnkjksa dh lfefr) dgk tkrk
gSA ;g fcjknjh ,d cfgfoZokgh (exogamous) bdkbZ osQ #i esa vUrfoZokgh tkfr ;k mi&tkfr dh rjg dk;Z
djrh gSaA ;g lewg (fcjknjh) tkfr ;k mitkfr osQ fy, dk;Z djrk gS rFkk vius lnL;ksa dks viuh dk;Z ifjfèk
osQ Hkhrj gh ekU;rkvksa dks euokus osQ fy, ckè; djrk gSA oqQN le; iwoZ rd bu iapk;rksa us tks vijkèk osQ
ekeys vius dk;Z&{ks=k esa fy, Fks muesa ls izeq[k Fksμnwljh tkfr o mitkfr esa Hkkstu osQ ekeys] ftuosQ lkFk
fu"ksèk Fkk] nwljh tkfr dh L=kh dks j[kSy osQ #i esa j[kuk] fookfgr efgyk osQ lkFk voSèk lEcUèk j[kuk] fookg
osQ ok;ns dks rksM+uk] vnk;xh ls budkj djuk] NksVs&eksVs >xM+s] jhfr&fjoktksa dk mYya?ku vkfnA ,slk djus ij
tks n.M dk foèkku viuk;k tkrk Fkk mlesa tkfr ls fudkyuk] vFkZn.M] tkfr osQ yksxksa dks nkor nsuk] ;k
'kkjhfjd n.M vkfn izeq[k FksA tkfr osQ lHkh lnL; iapk;r osQ fu.kZ; dks ekuus osQ fy, ckè; gksrs FksA fczfV'k
dky esa Hkh ;s iapk;rsa bruh 'kfDr'kkyh gksrh Fkha fd U;k;ky; }kjk fu.kZ; fd, x, ekeyksa dks Hkh iqufoZpkj
osQ fy, ys ysrh FkhaA bl izdkj tkfr iapk;r ,d vèkZ&izHkqrk lEiUu (semi sovereign) laLFkk FkhA

iapk;r osQ dk;Zdkjh inkfèkdkjh ;k rks oa'kkuqozQe ls gksrs Fks ;k mudk ukekadu gksrk Fkk ;k pqukoA CyUV]
Lyhesu] vkseSys] vkSj gV~Vu us crk;k gS fd lkekftd ekun.M esa tkfr ftruh NksVh gksrh Fkh mruk gh etcwr
mudk laxBu gksrk FkkA eqdnes osQ fy, viuk;k x;k rjhdk cgqr ljy o vukSipkfjd gksrk FkkA

bu tkfr iapk;rksa osQ vfèkdkjksa osQ lUnHkZ esa dkifM+;k us lu~ 1962, 1912 rFkk 1861 rd osQ oqQN mnkgj.k fn;k
gS ftUgksaus ,d foèkok ls fookg fd;k] fdUrq mudh tkfr iapk;r us mudks cgqr viekfur fd;k vkSj vUrr%
ifr&iRuh nksuksa dks gh vkRegR;k djuh iM+hA mnkgj.k ,d ,sls O;fDr dk gS tks yUnu tkus osQ dkj.k tkfr
ls cfg"o`Qr dj fn;k x;k vkSj okil vkus ij 1500 #- dk n.M nsdj tkfr es lfEefyr gqvkA 50 o"kZ ckn
1912 osQ vkl&ikl osQ le; osQ lUnHkZ esa dkifM+;k us ,d jeu HkkbZ uked O;fDr dk mnkgj.k fn;k gS ftldks
vius ls fuEu tkfr esa [kkuk [kkus osQ dkj.k tkfr ls fudky fn;k x;k Fkk_ vkSj nwljk mnkgj.k t;lq[kyky esgrk
dk fn;k gS ftls viuh foèkok cfgu dh 'kknh djkus osQ dkj.k cfg"o`Qr dj fn;k x;k FkkA 1962 dh le;
vofèk dk lUnHkZ nsrs gq, dkifM+;k us ;g ekuk gS fd tc iapk;r dks dkuwuh vkèkkj ij tkfr&fu"dklu }kjk
vius lnL;ksa ij ijEijkxr vkn'kksZ osQ vuqlkj pyus osQ vfèkdkj iz;ksx ls oafpr dj fn;k x;k] rc Hkh ;s
(tkfr iapk;r) muosQ eu o efLr"d rFkk O;ogkj dks fu;fer fd, jgrh gSaA 1994&95 esa xkaoksa esa tkfr
iapk;rksa dk oqqQN izHkko gks ldrk gS] fdUrq uxj {ks=kksa esa mudk dksbZ izHkko utj ugha vkrkA

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