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fJekJh^8L iiwkBh ftnt;Ek
fJekJh^8L iiwkBh ftnt;Ek
fJekJh^8L iiwkBh ftnt;Ek
fJekJh^8L iiwkBh ftnt;Ek
fJekJh^8L iiwkBh ftnt;Ek
Bz{ fInkdk BjhA fdzdk fJ;/ gqeko ewhB th gqkgs j'D tkb/ G[rskB d/ nB[;ko jh iiwkB dh ;/tk eodk BØN
j?. n?wHn?BH ;qhfBtk; d/ nB[;ko th T[BQK iiwkBK Bz{ fInkdk wjZst fd~sk iKdk j? i' G[rskB o[gJhnK
ftu Bk eoe/ nBki d/ o{g ftu eod/ jB.
phvbw?B d/ nB[;ko iiwkB ns/ ewhB d/ ftu Pesh dh tzv (Allocation) ftu ;K;ekfoe gftZsosk
ns/ ngftZsosk (Ritual Purity and Pollution) wjZstg{oB BjhA j?. BhthA iksh dk ftnesh dk
ftnesh Gb/ jh iiwkB j't/, T[Zu iksh d/ ewhB s'A EZb/ jh wzfBnK iKdk j?. T[Zu iksh dh Pesh iwhB
d/ wkbe ns/ XB T[Zs/ nkXkfos j[zdh j? ns/ ewhB d/ e'b fJj Pesh BjhA j[zdh j?. j?okbv r{bv B/ wzfBnk
j?L fe “w"fbe nzso fJe gk;/ iwhB d/ wkfbe fe;kB ikshnK ftu i' ;wkfie ftt;Ek ftu gqG[st
oydhnK jB ns/ d{i/ gk;/ G{whjhD Bhu ns/ d;sekoh ikshnK d/ ftu gkfJnk iKdk j?.” g'eke th fJ;/
gqeko efjzd/ jBL “i/eo iiwkBh ;zpzX fJe ftt;Ek BjhA pDkT[Ad/ jB, sK fJe ;zrmB pDkT[Ad/ jB. T[j
fJe ;z;Ek d/ uko'A so| ;zrfms jB i' (;z;Ek) T[; y/so dh gqpb iksh j?. iiwkB ns/ ewhBK d/ coIK,
nfXekoK, G[rskBK ns/ bkGK d/ ;zpzX ftu th gqshwkB j?. iiwkB Bz{ nkgD/ ewhB d/ gqsh fgso Gkt oydk
ukjhdk j? ns/ T[BQK dh wzrK g{ohnK eoBhnK ukjhdk j?. ewhB Bz{ th fgsk d/ bJh g[~so dh soQK fttjko
eoBk ukjhdk j?. T[; Bz{ nkgD/ iiwkB dk T[; d/ r[N ;zpzXh fttkdK ftu ;woEB eoBk ukjhdk.
iiwkBh ftt;Ek dk ;K;feqfse w[Zb fJj j? fe dkB ns/ T[dkosk Xkofwe coI jB ns/ n;wkBsk JhPto
dh d/D jB. gftZso, noX gftZso ns/ fBog/y fjzd{ ;kfjZs ns/ w"fye gozgoktK iiwkB ewhB ;zpzXK
Bz{ T[fus s/ nfXekfoe wzBd/ jB. rbsh eoB tkb/ iiwkBK ns/ ewhBK Bz{ dzv d/D dk nfXeko iksh
gzukfJs Bz{ j?. Bkb^Bkb T[go'es nB[frnktK (Sanctions) fJj th nkfrnk fdzdh j? fe ukj/ sK ewhB
tKSBh ;/tktK Bk eoB ns/ iiwkB ukj/ sK ewhB Bz{ fdZsh j'Jh iwhB tkg; b? bJ/.
T[dkjoD bJh, i/eo fJe x[fwnko gfotko d{i/ x[fwnko d/ iiwkBK B{z b?Dk ukjz[dk j? sK gqGkts x[fwnko
gfotko x[;g?mhJ/ Bz{ o'eD d/ bJh nkgDh iksh gzukfJs B{z fBt/dB eodk j? ns/ i/eo fgzv d/ x[fwnko
fJj ftPtk; eo b?D fe T[BQK d/ iiwkB (fe;kB) T[BQK d/ Bkb rbs fttjko eo oj/ jB sK T[j fgzv d/
fe;kB iiwkBK dk pfjPeko sd se eoB dk :sB eo ;ed/ jB id se fe T[j nkgD/ rbs fttjko
Bz{ SZv Bk d/D.
;t^w[bKeD
;t^w[bKeD
;t^w[bKeD (Self Assessment)
;t^w[bKeD
;t^w[bKeD
2H fdZs/ rJ/ eEBK d/ ;kjwD/ ns/ fBPkB brkU
2H fdZs/ rJ/ eEBK d/ ;kjwD/ ns/ fBPkB brkU (State whether the following
2H fdZs/ rJ/ eEBK d/ ;kjwD/ ns/ fBPkB brkU
2H fdZs/ rJ/ eEBK d/ ;kjwD/ ns/ fBPkB brkU
2H fdZs/ rJ/ eEBK d/ ;kjwD/ ns/ fBPkB brkU
statements ‘Right’ or ‘Wrong’)—— —— —
(i) ‘iiwkB’ Ppd dk gq:'r T[; n;kwh d/ bJh ehsk iKdk ;h fi; d/ bJh pqkjwD g[ikoh
Xkofwe g{ik s/ eoweKv efonk eod/ ;B.
(ii) iiwkBh ;zpzXK ftu Xkofwe feqsK ;wkfie ;woEB ns/ nkofEe nkdkB^gqdkB dk ;wkt/P
BjhA j[zdk j?.
(iii) iiwkBh ;zpzX ikshnK dh ng/ePk gfotkoK ftu j[zd/ jB.
(iv) iiwkBh ftt;Ek Paqw ftGkiB ns/ ikshnK d/ nkofEe go;go fBoGosk Bz{ fB:fws
eodh j?.
(v) iiwkBh ftt;Ek ftu ‘iiwkB’ ns/ ‘ewhB’ dh fszB G{fwektK Pkwb jB.
(vi) rbsh eoB tkb/ iiwkBK ns/ ewhBK Bz{ dzv d/D dk nfXeko iksh gzukfJs Bz{ j?.
8H2 iiwkBh^ftt;Ek L fJe P'PD dh ftt;Ek
8H2
iiwkBh^ftt;Ek L fJe P'PD dh ftt;Ek
iiwkBh^ftt;Ek L fJe P'PD dh ftt;Ek
iiwkBh^ftt;Ek L fJe P'PD dh ftt;Ek
8H2
8H2 iiwkBh^ftt;Ek L fJe P'PD dh ftt;Ek (Jajmani System : an
8H2
Exploitative System)
eh iiwkBh ftt;Ek fJe P'PD dh ftt;Ek j?< eh iiwkB x~N g?;k d/ e/ iK x~N wksok ftu nzB d/ e/
iK j'o fe;/ gqeko Bkb ewhB gfotkoK dk P'PD eod/ jB< phvbw?B ;gPN o{g Bkb iiwkB Bz{ P'Pe ns/
ewhB Bz{ P'fPs wzBd/ jB ns/ fJ; ftt;Ek (iiwkBh) Bz{ ;kwzsh (Feudal) efjzd/ jB. T[BQK dk ftPtk;
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