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;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
BØN gfjb{nK dh ftnkfynk eoKr/ fiBQK B/ wfjbktK dh ;fEsh Bz{ gqGkfts ehsk. S/ wjs~tg{oB gZy fiBQK B/
wfjbktK dh ;fEsh ftu gfotosB Bz{ gqGkfts ehsk, fJ; gqeko jBL (i) T[fd:'rheoB (ii) f;fynk dk
ft;sko (iii) iksh gqEk dk ewI'o j'Dk (iv) e[M gqp[ZX B/sktK d[nkok ubkJ/ rJ/ ;wkfie nzd'bB
(v) fJ;sqhnK d/ ;zrmBK dk ftek; ns/ (vi) ;wkfie ftXkBK dk gkfos ehsk ikDk.
fpqfNP ekb d/ nkofEe gfotosB pj[s fBoDkfJe ;B. wPhBh T[fd:'rK d/ ftek; ns/ j~E^fPbg dk
ftBkP, d'tK B/ jh fJ;sqh s/ g[oPK dh nkihftek T[Zs/ rzGho ;~N wkoh. w{b s"o s/ Pk;e tor d/ fjsK
dh o~fynk bJh jh d/P d/ ;z;kXBK dk d'jB ehsk frnk ;h. fezs{ T[fd:'rheoB B/ nB/e gfotosBK d/
bJh wkor y'fbQnk, fit/A b'eK dh rshPhbsk, ;zuko ns/ nktkrwB d/ ;kXBK dk ftek;, iiwkBh gqeko
dk ewI'o j'Dk, o'irko d/ Bt/A nt;oK dh T[gbpXsk nkfd. fJBK ;G Bkb Bt/A w[~b ns/ Bt/A fttjko
d/ sohfenK dk T[d/ j'fJnk.
9H4H1 f;fynk dk ft;sko
9H4H1 f;fynk dk ft;sko
9H4H1 f;fynk dk ft;sko
9H4H1 f;fynk dk ft;sko
9H4H1 f;fynk dk ft;sko
fJ;sqhnK Bz{ f;fynk fds/ ikD dk ftuko fpqfNP Pk;B ekb ftu T[d/ j'fJnk. fJ; s'A gfjbK fJj fJe
;kotG"fwe wkBsk ;h fe fJ;sqhnK Bz{ f;fynk dh e'Jh io{os BjhA j? feT[Afe T[BQK dk{ ezw nkihtek fJe~mk
eoBk BjhA j?. Grsh nzd'bB d/ pknd fJ;kJh fwPBohnK B/ fJ;sqhnK dh f;fynk ftu o{uh b?Dk nkozG
ehsk. 1824 ftu ;G s'A gfjbh tko bVehnK dk ;e{b pzpJh ftu nkozG j'fJnk. bkov vbj"ih B/ th
x'PDk ehsh fe gfotko d/ p~funK Bz{ f;fynk d/D dh ng/ePk j'o e'Jh th gfotosB Gkos d/ b'eK d/ ihtB
d/ bJh bkGekoh ns/ wj~stg{oB f;~X BjhA j' ;edk. 1875 se ebe~sk, wdok; s/ pzpJh ftPtftfdnkbk
B/ bVehnK Bz{ gqt/P dh nkfrnk gqdkB BjhA ehsh ;h. f;oc 1882 d/ pknd jh bVehnK Bz{ T[Zu f;fynk
gqkgs eoB d/ nkfrnk gqdkB ehsh rJh. sd s'A fJ;sqhnK dh f;fynk d/ y/so ftu fBozso gqrsh j[zdh
ojh j?. Gkos ftu fJ;sqhnK ;kyosk gqshPs ftu tkXk fJ; gqeko fojk j?. 1901 ftu 0H6# s'A 1931
ftu 2H93#, 1941 ftu 7H30#, 1961 ftu 12H95#, 1971 ftu 18H69#, 1981 ftu 24H88 ns/ 1991
ftu 39H42. g/Av{ y/soK ftu f;fyns wfjbktK dh ;zfynk Pfjoh wfjbktK dh s[bBk ftu pj[s x~N j?.
1981 ftu g/Av{nK ftu 17H99# f;fyns wfjbktK dh s[bBk ftu Pfjoh y/soK ftu fJj ;zfynk 47H65#
;h. 1979^80 ftu gqkJhwoh g~Xo T[Zs/ (gfjbh s'A gzithA iwks) gVQD tkb/ 789 b~y ftfdnkoEhnK ftu'A
38H95# bVehnK ;Bl fwfvb g~Xo d/ (S/thA s'A n~mthA iwks) 187 b~y ftfdnkoEhnK ftu'A 32H90#
bVehnK ;Bl jkJh ;e{b (BthA ns/ d;thA iwks) ftu gVQD tkb/ 751 b~y ftfdnkoEhnK ftu'A 29H24#
bVehnK ;B ns/ iwks 11 s/ 12 ftu nfXn?B eoB tkb/ ftfdnkoEhnK dh 110 b~y ;zfynk ftu 32H25#
bVehnK ;B (T[jh, 92^94). fJj doPkT[Adk j? fe ;e{b g~Xo s/ nfXn?B eoB tkb/ ftfdnkoEhnK ns/
ftfdnkoEDK dk nB[gks 3L1 j?. T[Zu f;fynk ns/ ftt;kfJe f;fynk (vkeNo, fJzihfBno, tehb,
nfXnkfgek) gqkgs eoB tkbh bVehnK dk gqfsPs ng/ePkfeqs x~N j?.
;e{b ftu nfXn?B eoB tkb/ jo/e 100 bVehnK ftu'A 62 gqkJhwoh g~Xo T[Zs/, 26 fwfvb g~Xo T[Zs/,
ns/ 12 jkJh ;e{b g~Xo T[Zs/ nfXn?B eo oj/ jBl ;' fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe Gkt/A fJBK eJh g~XoK
T[Zs/ nfXn?B eoB tkbhnK bVehnK dh ;zfynk x~N j?, fco th fJj ;gPN j? fe 1941 d/ pknd s'A
bVehnK dh ;zfynk ftu jo/e g~Xo T[Zs/ jh T[b/yBh tkXk j'fJnk j?.
9H4H2 e[M gqw~[y B/sktK d[nkok ubkJ/ rJ/ ;wkfie nzd'bB
9H4H2 e[M gqw~[y B/sktK d[nkok ubkJ/ rJ/ ;wkfie nzd'bB
9H4H2 e[M gqw~[y B/sktK d[nkok ubkJ/ rJ/ ;wkfie nzd'bB
9H4H2 e[M gqw~[y B/sktK d[nkok ubkJ/ rJ/ ;wkfie nzd'bB
9H4H2 e[M gqw~[y B/sktK d[nkok ubkJ/ rJ/ ;wkfie nzd'bB
T[BhAth Pskpdh d/ nzs ftu Gkos ftu fJ;sqhnK Bz{ nB/e fBo:'frnksktK Bz{ G'rDk fgnk, fit/A
pkb^ftnkj, pj[ gsBh ftnkj, ftnkj d/ T[d/P Bkb bVehnK dh fteoh, ftXtktK T[Zs/ ;ys gqshpzX,
f;fynk gqkgs eoB T[Zs/ gqshpzX ns/ rqfj;s ezwK ns/ p~funK d/ bkbB^gkbB se jh nkgD/ Bz{ ;hws
oyDk nkfd. fBnKw{osh okBkv/ d[nkok nk:'fis Gkosh okPNoh ;gk, 1885 B/ T[go'es fBo':frnksktK
dh fBzdk ehsh. okik okww'j okJ/ B/, fiBQK B/ ;sh gqEk T[Bw{bB d/ bJh wjs~tg{oB ezw ehsk, pkb ftnkj
ns/ godk gqEk d/ fto[X th nktki u[~eh ns/ fJ;sqhnK d/ T[ZsokfXeko d/ bJh th ;zxoP ehsk. JhPto
uzdo ftfdnk;kro B/ ftXtk^ftnkj ns/ fJ;sqhnK dh f;fynk dh ;w~f;nK Bz{ u[~fenk. T[BQK B/ 1916
ftu n?;Hn?BHvhHNhH ftPtfdnkbk, wjkokPNo ftu ;Ekgs ehsk. pV"dk oki d/ Pk;e, wjkokik
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