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fJekJh^12L gfotosD dhnK gqfeqnktK
fJekJh^12L gfotosD dhnK gqfeqnktK
fJekJh^12L gfotosD dhnK gqfeqnktK
fJekJh^12L gfotosD dhnK gqfeqnktK
fJekJh^12L gfotosD dhnK gqfeqnktK
nkg ftu fJe o{Vhtkdh ftnt;Ek j?. fJ; Bhsh d/ ekoD t?PtheopD jkb ftu Bt/A nk:kwK Bz{ gj[zu BØN
fojk j?. fJBQK noE Pk;sohnK d/ nB[;ko t?PtheoD d/ fszB wj~stg{oD nkofEe gfjb{ jB.
• Gkos tor/ d/P ftu fi~E/ t?PtheoD ;kBz{ d/yD Bz{ fwbdh j?, okPNoh ns/ ;EkBe ;z;feqse T[s/
fJ;dk pj[s t~vk gqGkt fgnk j?. fJ; gqGkt d/ ekoD nfijk brdk j? fe fes/ ftd/Ph ;z;feqsh dk
gqGkt ;kvh ;EkBe ;z;feqse dh gSkD Bz{ Bk ysw eo d/t/. :'r/Ado f;zx B/ e[M s~sK Bz{ ngDk e/
th Gkosh ;Eke ;z;feqsh nkgDh w"fbe gSkD Bz{ io{o pDk e/ oy/rh.
12H7 Ppde'P
12H7 Ppde'P
12H7 Ppde'P
12H7 Ppde'P
12H7 Ppde'P (Keywords)
gqhoePk ^ jo soK s'A ofynk eoBk
gqhoePk ^
gqhoePk ^
• gqhoePk ^
gqhoePk ^
Gkt'Bwkd ^
Gkt'Bwkd ^
Gkt'Bwkd ^
Gkt'Bwkd ^
• Gkt'Bwkd ^ GktBktK B{az GVekDk
toiBK ^ o'eDk, o[ektN
toiBK ^
toiBK ^
• toiBK ^
toiBK ^
12H8 nfGnk; gqPB
12H8 nfGnk; gqPB
12H8 nfGnk; gqPB
12H8 nfGnk; gqPB
12H8 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)
1H ;wkfie ;zouBk ft~u gfotosB dh gqfeqnk T[Zs/ gqekP gkU.
2H ;z;feqsheoD dh ntXkoDk Bz{ ;gPN eod/ j'J/ fJ; dhnK ftP/PsktK d~;'.
3H g~SwheoD dh ntXkoDk dh ;whfynk eo'.
4H ;wkfie gfotosB Bz{ ;wMD ft~u ;z;feqsheoD ns/ g~SwheoD dh eh T[g:'frsk j?<
5H nkX[fBeheoD dh ftnkfynk eod/ j'J/ fJ; dhnK ftP/PsktK d~;'.
6H Gkos ft~u nkX[fBeheoD dh gqfeqnk Bz{ ;wMkU ns/ fJ; dhnK ;w~f;nktK dk ftt/uB eo'.
7H Gkos ft~u Xow^fBog~ysk dk ekoD d~;'. Xow^fBog~ysk B/ fe; Xow Bz{ nfXe gqGkfts ehsk j?<
8H t?PtheoD dh gqfeqnk T[Zs/ gqekP gkU ns/ fJ; d/ ;wkfie ns/ ;z;feqfse gfjb{ dh ;whfynk eo'.
9H fBwBfbfys T[Zs/ fN~gDh fby'^
(i) Gkos ft~u g~Sw dk ns/ nkX[fBeheoD dk gqGkt
(ii) ;z;feqsheoD ns/ pqkjwheoD
(iii) Gkosh ;zftXkB
(iv) g~Swh ;z;feqsh
T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD
T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD
T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD
T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD
T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD (Answers: Self Assessment)
1H 1H 1H 1H 1H (i) nzsopzXB (ii) PhfBtk; (iii) pqkjwDheoD
(iv) ;z;feqsheoD (v) ;w{j (vi) ;z;soD
(vii) Pesh ns/ gqG{st (viii) ;fEsh gfotosD
2H 2H (ii) (b) (iii) (d) (iv) (c) (v) (d)
2H 2H 2H (i) (a)
(vi) (a) (vii) (c) (viii) (a) (ix) (b)
12H9 ;zdoG g[;seK
12H9 ;zdoG g[;seK
12H9 ;zdoG g[;seK
12H9 ;zdoG g[;seK
12H9 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)
p[e; 1H ekPh gq;kd ;e;/Bk, w[;fbw ftnkj, 1959
2H P[eoh, nfjwd, w[jzwvB bk Uc w?foi n?Av fvt'o; 1917
3H e/H n?wH egkVhnk, w?foi n?Av c?fwbh fJB fJzvhnk, nke;c'ov :{Bhtof;Nh gq?; fd~bh,
1972
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