Page 234 - DSOC201_SOCIAL_STRUCTURE_AND_SOCIAL_CHANGE_PUNJABI

;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;wkfie gfotosB
BØN fe;/ t;s{ Bz{ gqshXkfos ns/ g'qs;kfjs ns/ j'oBK dk gfofsnkr ehsk iKdk j?.” fJj e[M fJe t;s{nK
w?ekJhto
w?ekJhto dh g[;se
w?ekJhto
d/ bJh tohns dh feqnk j?. T[dkjoD bJh, n;hA ;wki Pk;so d/ ftP/ T[s/ w?ekJhto w?ekJhto
‘Society’ Bz{ tohnsk gqdkB eod/ jB. gqtoD gfotosD BjhA j[zdk, feT[Afe gfotosD ftu fJe t;s{
j'oBK d[nkok ft;Ekfgs eo fdsh iKdh j?.
gqkfeqfse gqtoD
gqkfeqfse gqtoD
gqkfeqfse gqtoD
gqkfeqfse gqtoD
gqkfeqfse gqtoD (Natural selection)— gqkfeqse gqtoD dk f;XKs ekch gqkuhB j?, gozs{ fJ;dh ;wki
Pk;soh ftt/uB jopoN ;g?A;o (Herbert Spencer) B/ ehsk, fi;/ vkoftB d/ ‘j'Ad d/ bJh ;zxoP’
(struggle for existence) d/ f;XKs Bz{ fJ;dk nkXko pDkfJnk. vkoftB d/ f;XKs d/ nB[;ko, gqkfeqse
ftu j'Ad d/ bJh ;d?t ;zxoP ubdk ofjzdk j?. fJ; ;zxoP ftu e/tb :'rsw ihts ofjzd/ jB. ;g?A;o
B/ f;XKs Bz{ wkBt ;wki T[s/ gq:[es ehsk. T[;d/ nB[;ko, wkBt ;wki ftu e/tb T[jh ftnesh ihts
ofjzd/ jB i' :'rsw jB, noEks fiBQK B/ nkgD/ nkg Bz{ gqfeqsh Bkb nB[e{fbs eo fbnk j? ns/ i' nfijk
nB[e{bB BjhA eo ;eDr/, T[BQK dk fBo;B iK fwbkB j' ikJ/rk. jopoN ;g/A;o d/ nB[;ko, gqkfeqse
gqtoD ;wkfie ftek; dk w{bwzso j?. jo/e gqkDh ns/ ;z;Ek Bz{ nkgD/ gfonktoD d/ gqsh nB[e{fbs j'Dk
g?Adk j?. fJj nB[e{bB ;wo{g ;zouBkswe gfotosDK d[nkok jh fbnkfJnk ik ;edk j?. gfonktoD dh
nfsng/ePktK nkg ;z;Ek ftu fJBQK gfotosDK Bz{ fbnk fdzdh j? fi; Bz{ nB[e{bB ;zGt j' iKdk j?. i'
;z;EktK ;fEsh d/ gqsh ;[yd nB[feqnktK BjhA eodhnK, T[j BPN j' iKdhnK jB. e/tb :'rsw jh ihts
ofjzdhnK jB. gqkfeqse gfonktoD dk ezw ;z;EktK dk gqtoD eoBk j? i' ihts ofjD :'r jB ns/ n:'r
dk fBo;B eoBk j?. gqfeqsh Pohoe o{g s'A ns/ dh ;woEsk dh fdqPNh s'A d[opb ftneshnK dk
fBod?skg{ote fBo;B eo fdzdh j?. Pohoe o{g s'A d[opb ns/ o'rh ftnesh Bz{ ;ozfyns eoB d/ :sB,
fiBQK Bz{ BjhA sK gqkfeqse PeshnK BPN eo d/DrhnK, :'rsw ftneshnK dh ehws T[s/ i?fte o{g Bkb
n:'r ftneshnK Bz{ fuo;EkJh pDkT[Dk j?. e[g'PD, o'r, wekB^;zpzXh n;[ftXk ns/ em'o Pohoe fwjBs
wkBt gqiksh d/ bJh fJe noE ftu n~S/ jB.
fJ; gqeko ;gPN j? fe gqkfeqse gqtoD d/ d' o{g jB—fBo;B (elimination) ns/ fwbkB (absorption).
i' gqkDh gqfeqsh d/ Bkb ;cbskg{ote nB[e{bB BjhA eo gKd/ jB, T[BQK dk fBo;B j' iKdk j?. fJ;d/ T[bN
i' gqkDh gqfeqsh d/ Bkb nB[e{bB eoB ftu ;woE j' iKdk j?, T[BQK dk d{i/ ihts gqkDhnK d/ Bkb ftbn
j' iKdk j?. gqfeqsh d/ Bkb T[Bw{bB eoB ftu ;woE j' iKdk j? T[BQK dk d{i/ ihts gqkDhnK d/ Bkb fwbkB
j' iKdk j?. gqkfeqse gqtoD fwqs{^do jh ezw eodk j?. i' ftnesh nkgD/ nkg Bz{ gqfeqsh Bkb nB[e{fbs
BjhA eo gkT[Ad/, gqfeqsh T[BQK B{z ysw eo fdzdh j?. gqkfeqse gqtoD dh gqfeqnk ftu iBw^do fe;/ th
o{g ftu gqGkts BjhA j[zdh, feT[Afe nB[e{bB dh gqfeqnk iBw d/ pknd jh nkozG jz[dh j?.
fgno;B
fgno;B
fgno;B (Pearson) B/ gqkfeqse gqtoD d/ uko w[~y nkXkoK dk toDB ehsk j?—
fgno;B
fgno;B
1H r[D gfotosDPhb jBl 2H r[D fgsokrs j[zd/ jBl
3H gqfeqsh fwqs{ d[nkok ezw eodh j?l 4H fwqs{^do gqtoDkswe j[zdh j?.
gqkfeqse gqtoD d/ f;XKs dh nB/e nkXkoK T[s/ nb'uBk ehsh rJhL (1) gfjbk, :'rsk ;d?t gfonktoD
;kg/y j[zdh j?. ;wGkt gfonktoD nB/e j[zd/ jB ns/ T[BQK gaqsh nB[e{bB d/ wkor th nB/e jB. (2) d{i/,
ihtB d/ ;zxoP ftu :'rsw f;~X j'D tkbk ftnesh ;zzGt j?, ;wkfie, B?fse ns/ p"fXe r[DK ftu jhBsw
j't/. ihts ofjD dh i?fte :'rsk dk ;wkfie r[DK s'A e'Jh ;zpzX BjhA j' ;edk j? fJj T[go'es d/ T[bN
j't/. ihts ofjD dk i?fte :'rsk d/ ;EkB T[s/ wkBt^w[~b dh ntXkoDK Bz{ ;EkB fdsk ikDk ukjhdk j?
fi;dk fInkdk ;wkfie wj~st j?. (3) shik, fJj s~E ;theko ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j? fe fi~E/ gP{ irs
ftu ;zxoP ns/ fBo;B d[nkok ihftsk dk f;XKs wj~stg{oD ;EkB oydk j?, T[E/ ;fj:'r ns/ PKshg{oD
;fjtk; th wj~stg{oD G{fwek ndk eod/ jB. wB[~y irs ftu sK ;fj:'r dk fJzBK wj~stg{oD ;EkB
j? fe ;wki fJ;d/ fpBk ihfts BjhA ofj ;edk. wB[Zy dk ;wkfie ihtB gqsh:'rsk d/ ;EkB T[s/ ;fj:'r,
;zxoP d/ pikJ/ ;wo;sk, wsG/d d/ pikJ/ ;fjwsh T[s/ nkXkos j?, (4) u"Ek, wB[~y nB[e{bB dh gqfeqnk
ftu e/tb wkso fBPfeqn s~s BjhA j?. fJj ;~u j? fe jo/e iht Bz{, fi; ftu wB~[y th Pkwb jB, nkgD/
gfonktoD d/ gqsh nB[e{fbs j'Dk g?Adk j?, gozs{ wB[~y nkg fJ; r~b dk fBPu/ eodk j? fe nB[e{bB fe;
gqeko ehsk ikt/. fJe ;t;E wkBt iht gqkfeqse gqsh:'rsk dk ntP/P BjhA pbfe ;wkfie ;ozfynD

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