Page 94 - DECO402_MACROECONOMIC_THEORY_PUNJABI

smStI ArQSwsqr dy isDWq

È؇

’∆ Âπ√ƒ ‹≈‰Á∂ ‘Ø kIns dy ivSlySx iv`c, lGukwl dy apBog Pln ƒ siQr mwinAw jwdW hY[

pRyirq Aqy Kud dy invyS ƒ joVky swmuihk invyS pRwpq kIqw jw skdw hY[ rwjnIiqk siQrqs dyS dy pqXS
ivdysI invyS dy nwl Kud dy Aqy pRyirq invyS ƒ v`DwvW iddW hY[ pRyirq Aqy Kud dy invyS dy iv`c dw AMqr hyT
idqI qwilkW 10.1 iv`c smJwieAw igAw hY[

qwilkW 10.1 : pyirq Aqy Kud dw invyS iv`c AMqr

AwDwr pyRirq invyS Kud dw invyS
1. lwB ieh aDwimAw dI lwB ApySwvW qy inrBr ieh lwB qy inrBr nhI krdw[
krdw hY[

2. Awmdn Awmdn dy p`Dr iv`c virDI nwl py@irq invyS dw Kud dw invyS Awmdn dy p`Dr iv`c bdlwvW
locdwr p`Dr v`D jwdw hY Aqy ieh ivlomq vI TIk hY ik nwl ApRBwivq rwihdW hY[ dujy Sbdw iv`c,
dujy SbdW iv`c, ieh Awmdn dy pRiq locdwr hY[ ieh purI qrW Awmdn bylocdwr hY[ iehdw
iehdy vkr dw Dnwqmk Fwl huMdw hY[ ryKwicqr X–AMs dy brwbr hY[
3. Kyqr pRyirq invyS Awmqor qy Kyqr jW injI invyS dy srkwr rwhI swrvjink invyS dy rup iv`c
rup iv`c injI Kyqr iv`c kIqw jwdW hY, jyVw ik kIqw igAw ijAwdwqr invyS Kud dw in-
puMjI dI sImWq Smqw Aqy ibAwj dI bwjwr dr vyS hY, jyVw ik swrvjink kilAwx nwl
qy inrBr krdw hY[ pRyirq huMdw hY[
4. kwrk pRyirq invyS, Awmdn dy AwlwvW AiBnv bdlwv Kud dw invyS dyS dI swmijk AwriQk Aqy
(Innovations) srkwr dI inqI, AwbwdI dy rwjnIiqk siQiqAW qy inrBr krdw hY[
Awkwr Aqy sMGtn, AwdI qy inrBr krdw hY[ qknIkI suDwr, nvy sMswDn dI Koj, AwbwdI
rwjnIiqk siQqI vI pRyirq invyS ƒ pRBwivq dI birDI, AwdI dy kwrx srkwrI bjt
krdI hY[ srkwr dI AsiQrqw iek mhwn AwbNtn virDI Kud dy invyS iv`c bdlwv lw
ivnwS kr skdI hY[ skdy hn[ Plsvrup iehdw vkr auqy dI
Aor jW Qwly dI Aor iKsk jwdW hY[

5. injI invyS Aqy swrvjink invyS (Private Investment and Public Investment)
invyS dw iek hor mhqrpurx vrgIkrx, ies AwDwr pr hY ik kox invyS krdw hY, injI invyS Aqy swrvjink
invyS iv`c kIqw jw skdw hY[ AMj qQwkwiQq puMjIgq ArQ-ivvsQwvW iv`c kul invyS dw iek v`fw ihsw srkwr
rwhI kIqw jwdW hY[ swrvjink Kyqr iv`c invyS mu`K qor qy rwjnIiqk Aqy swmwijk ivcwrW nwl pRBwivq huMdw
hY[ srkwr skUl, XUnIvristI, icikqswlX, sVk, bWD, ibjlI, gYs, jl, XwqwXwq, Gr, AwdI pirXojnwvW
iv`c Awm ivAkqI ƒ inSulk irXwXq Aqy n lwv n nukswn AwDwr (break even) dI syvwvW iv`c sdw invyS
krdI hY[ ieh invyS kyNdrI srkwr, rwjX srkwrW, sQwinA AiDkwirAW, swrvjink ingmW, AwdI ijvy
swrvjink pRwiDkwirAw rwhI pMujIgq vsquAW ƒ KrIdx dy leI kIqw jwdw hY[ auhnW dy leI lwB pyS krx
vwlI syvwvW vI smwj dy ihq nwl pRBwivq hMudI hY[
swrvjink invyS dI siQiq iv`c, pirXojnwvW dI Awgwm dI ahnW dI invyS lwgqW nwl qulnW krxw Awswn
nhI huMdw hY[ iBn (vWCnIX jW ABISt) pirXojnwvW ivco sb qo ijAwdw vwAdymWd pirXojnwvW ƒ cunx dw
swrvjink invyS inrxX lwgq – lwB ivSlySx (cost-benefit analysis) qy AwDwirq hY[ ies audyS dy leI,
AsI pRsqwivq invySW dy swmwijk lwBW Aqy swmwijk lwgqW ƒ inrDwirq krxW pwvygw[ swmwijk lwBW nwl
Bwv smwj rwhI kul sMqusit qo hY, jyVI ik aDmI rwhI Arijq Awgmo (receipts) qo purI qrW nwl pRgt nhI

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