Page 295 - DECO503_INTERNATIONAL_TRADE_AND_FINANCE_HINDI

bdkbZ—27% fo'o O;kikj laxBu@xSV osQ dk;Z

osQ fu;eu osQ vfèkdkj fdlh izdkj ls de ugha fd, x, gSa] ;fn izfrowQy Hkqxrku&'ks"k Bksl dkj.k gksaA uksV
bu lqj{kkvksa osQ vfrfjDr TRIMs le>kSrk fons'kh fuos'k dk fu;a=k.k Hkh gVk,xkA ;|fi izR;{k fons'kh fuos'k dk
dke ugha fy;k x;k gS] rFkkfi vk'kadk gS fd MNCs fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa mPp izkFkfedrk okys {ks=kksa ij fu;a=k.k
djus dh ps"Vk djsaxsA vkxs o£.kr TRIMs og gSa tks fons'kh LokfeRo okys m|eksa ij i{kikrh <ax ls yxk, tkrs
gSa] tcfd ogh 'krs± ?kjsyw m|eksa ij ykxw ugha gSaA le>kSrk i{kikriw.kZ vk;kr #dkoVksa dk Hkh o.kZu djrk gSA
oqQy feykdj TRIMs le>kSrs ls jk"Vªh; ljdkjksa dh fu.kZ;kRed 'kfDr de gks xbZ gSA mnkgj.kLo:i] os ?kjsyw
fofuekZ.k esa ns'kh (local) va'kksa dk fooj.k ugha crk ldrha vkSj u gh viuh fu;kZfrr oLrqvksa esa vkxrksa dh
izfr'krrk lhfer dj ldrh gSa] ;k fdlh fo'ks"k oLrq osQ fu;kZrA
4- xSV fu;ekoyh (GATT Rules)

ek=kkRed #dkoVksa (QRs) osQ foyhuhdj.k vkSj vfèkeku lacaèkh xSV fu;e 1994 vLi"V gSaA viuh Hkqxrku&'ks"k
lacaèkh dfBukb;ksa dks nwj djus osQ fy, (QRs) dk iz;ksx fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fy, vizHkkodkjh cuk fn;k x;k gS
D;ksafd bls osQoy U;wure fodflr ns'kksa rd lhfer dj fn;k x;k gSA ORs dks lekIr dj fn;k tk;xk vkSj blosQ
LFkku ij dher vkèkkfjr mik; ykxw fd, tk,axsA osQoy vfodflr ns'k gh QRs dks ykxw dj losaQxs] ijUrq bldk
;g :i vLFkk;h gh jgsxkA tks ns'k QRs yxk,axs] og 'kh?kzkfr'kh?kz lkoZtfud :i ls bUgsa gVkus dh le;&rkfydk
?kksf"kr djsaxsA ijUrq fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks fHkUu oLrqvksa ij fHkUu M~;wVh&njsa yxkus dk vfèkdkj gksxk ftlls os
vuko';d oLrqvksa osQ cgqr vfèkd vk;kr dks fu#Rlkfgr dj losaQA blls mUufr'khy ns'kksa osQ fy, lEHko gksxk
fd os vko';d oLrqvksa vkSj iwathxr eky osQ vk;kr dks izksRlkfgr vkSj vuko';d oLrqvksa osQ vk;kr dks
fu#Rlkfgr dj losaQA
VSfjiQ vfèkeku fo'o iz.kkyh (Global System of Tarrif Preferences—GSTP) osQ vUrxZr ,d fodflr ns'k
nwljs ns'kksa dks VSfjiQ vfèkeku ns ldrk gSA blh izdkj lkekU;hÑr vfèkeku iz.kkyh (Generalised System of
Preferences-CSP) osQ vUrxZr ,d fodflr ns'k fdlh fodkl'khy ns'k dks VSfjiQ vfèkeku ns ldrk gSA ;g VSfjiQ
dVkSfr;ka mu VSfjiQ vfèkekuksa osQ vfrfjDr gksaxh tks WTO osQ vUrxZr MFN ns'kksa dks nh xbZ gSaA iQyLo:i]
fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa lkèkkj.kr% oqQN {ks=kksa esa vfèkeku lhek,a iw.kZ:is.k lekIr gks tk,axh OECD dk vuqeku gS
fd 2002 rd vÚhdk dks vius vfèkekuksa esa dVkSrh osQ dkj.k vkSlru 30» dh gkfu gksxhA vÚhdk] oSQjhfc;u
vkSj iz'kkar lkxj ns'kksa osQ dfVcaèkh; mRiknksa osQ fu;kZr esa 51» rd dh deh gksxhA
m#xos nkSj esa fodkl'khy ns'kksa us Lo;a dks opuc¼ dj fy;k gS fd os vius vkS|ksfxd VSfjiQ dks 72» rd ¶cafèkr¸
dj ysaxs rFkk Ñf"k mRiknksa dks 100» rdA lfClMh le>kSrs }kjk fodkl'khy ns'k opuc¼ gSa fd os mu lfClfM;ksa
dks lekIr dj nsaxs tks fu;kZr dherksa ij izHkkoh gSaA ifj.kkeLo:i] os fu;kZr&}kjk o`¼ dh uhfr dk ifjR;kx dj nsaxsA
izfr&jkf'kikru osQ xSV fu;e jk"Vªh; ljdkjksa osQ foosd dks bruk LoPNUn cukrs gSa fd cgqr gh de dk;Z mudks
okLro esa bu fu;eksa osQ mYya?ku dk nks"kh Bgjk losaQxsA bl izdkj oqQN rks xSV fu;eksa osQ] vkSj oqQN vk£Fkd
ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ dkj.k izfr&jkf'kikru M~;wfV;ksa dk iz;ksx laHkor% vesfjdk vkSj ;wjksih; la?k ns'kksa osQ O;kikj dks
lhfer djus esa gh iz;qDr gksxkA
fiQj] fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fy, O;kikj esa xSV rduhdh #dkoVsa] tSls i;kZoj.k] LokLF;] liQkbZ vkfn xSV&VSfjiQ
#dkoVksa osQ :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA
5- xSV~l (GATS)

xSV~l fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fgrksa osQ fo#¼ tkrk gSA ;g mUgha lsokvksa osQ mnkjhdj.k ij tksj nsrk gS ftuesa fodflr
ns'kksa dks fuf'pr ykHk gS] tSls vk£Fkd] tyiksr lacaèkh] ifjogu vkSj lapkj lsok,a] LokLF;] f'k{kk] O;olk; vkSj
ehfM;k lsok,aA lsokvksa osQ O;kikj esa mnkjhdj.k }kjk fodflr ns'kksa dk eq[; è;s; fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ mRiknu vkSj
lsokvksa osQ iz;ksx ij fu;U=k.k dh ps"Vk djuk gh gSA

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