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bdkbZμ4% vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ vk/qfud fl¼kUr% ewY; ?kVd osQ lekuhdj.k---
rqyukRed ykHk esa vUrj osQ dkj.k gksrk gS rFkk rqyukRed ykHk esa vUrj nksuksa ns'kksa esa mRifÙk osQ lkèkuksa uksV
dh lkisf{kd dherksa esa fHkUurk rFkk fofHkUu oLrqvksa osQ mRiknu esa lkèkuksa osQ fofHkUu vuqikrksa osQ iz;ksx
osQ dkj.k gksrk gSA vksgfyu us gsDlpj osQ fl¼kUr dks Lohdkj dj mldh foLr`r O;k[;k dhA vksgfyu dk
fu"dlZ gsDlpj ls fHkUu ugha gSA vksgfyu us viuh iqLrd ‘Inter-regional and International Trade’ esa
vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj osQ fl¼kUr dh foLr`r O;k[;k dh gSA bu nksuksa vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us ftl fl¼kUr dks fodflr
fd;k mls gsDlpj&vksgfyu dk fl¼kar vFkok vUrjkZ"Vªh O;kikj dk vkèkqfud fl¼kUr (Modern Theory of
Internationa Trade) dgrs gSaA bls lkèku vuqikrksa (Factor Proportions) dk fl¼kUr Hkh dgrs gSaA
4-1 vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dk vk/qfud fl¼kar% ewY; ?kVd osQ lekuhdj.k dk fl¼kar]
gsDlpj vksgfyu dk fl¼kar] Øsfol vkSj fyaMj dk O;kikj fl¼kar (Modern
Theories of International Trade: Theorem of Factor Price Equalization,
H-O Theory, Kravis and Linder Theory of Trade)
vesfjdh vFkZ'kkL=kh ozsQfol (I. B. Kravis) us o"kZ 1956 esa izdkf'kr vius ys[k ^Availability and other
Influences on the Commodity Composition of Trade* esa Dykfldh fl¼kUr dh bl ekU;rk dks vLohdkj dj
fn;k fd O;kikj djus okys ns'kksa esa leku izkS|ksfxdh gksrh gSA lkFk gh gsDlpj&vksgfyu fl¼kUr dk ijh{k.k djrs
gq, mUgksaus ;g tkuuk pkgk fd D;k Je xgu fu;kZr lLrs Je }kjk mRikfnr gksrs gSa\ O;ogkj esa mUgksaus ;g ik;k
fd izk;% izR;sd ns'k esa fu;kZr djus okys m|ksx mPpre eT+knwjh dk Hkqxrku djrs gSaA ozsQfol osQ vuqlkj] ,d
ns'k mu oLrqvksa dk mRiknu o fu;kZr djrk gS tks mls izkI; vFkok miyC/ gksrh gSa] vFkkZr~ os oLrq,a tks blosQ
m|fe;ksa ,oa uoizorZdksa }kjk fodflr dh xbZ gksrh gSaA bl izdkj mlus ;g fl¼kUr izfrikfnr fd;k fd O;kikj
dh oLrq lajpuk eq[;r% ^izkI;rk* }kjk fu/kZfjr gksrh gSA
;gka izkI;rk ls rkRi;Z oLrq dh yksp'khy iwfrZ ls gSA O;kikj osQoy mUgha oLrqvksa esa gksrk gS tks ¶ns'k osQ Hkhrj
miyC/ ugha gksrh gSaA¸ bl okD; ls mldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd (d) ,d ns'k mu oLrqvksa dk vk;kr djsxk] tks
fujis{k :i ls mlosQ ;gka ugha ikbZ tkrh gSa] tSls ghjs rFkk ([k) mu oLrqvksa dk fu;kZr djsxk tks ?kjsyw ekax
ls vf/d ek=kk esa ns'k esa miyC/ jgrh gSaA
nqyZHk izko`Qfrd lalk/uksa dh miyC/rk fdlh ns'k osQ O;kikj <kaps dks fu/kZfjr djrh
gSA
ozsQfol osQ vuqlkj fdlh oLrq dh izkI;rk vFkok miyC/rk dks pkj dkjd izHkkfor djrs gSa% izko`Qfrd lalkèku]
rduhdh ifjorZu] oLrq foHksnhdj.k rFkk ljdkjh uhfrA nqyZHk izko`Qfrd lalk/uksa dh miyC/rk fdlh ns'k osQ
O;kikj <kaps dks fu/kZfjr djrh gSA fdlh oLrq fo'ks"k osQ mRiknu osQ lEcU/ esa izkIr rduhdh Kku ls ml oLrq
fo'ks"k dk mRiknu fd;k tkrk gS ftls ns'k fu;kZr djrk gSA oLrq foHksnhdj.k uo izorZu djus okys ns'k osQ
mRiknu dks vLFkk;h ,dkf/dkj iznku djrk gS ftlls og viuh oLrq dk rc rd fu;kZr djrk jgrk gS] tc
rd vk;krdrkZ ns'k mldh udy ugha dj ysrkA ljdkjh uhfr O;kikj dks ½.kkRed :i ls izHkkfor djrh gSA
iz'kqYd uhfr;ka] ifjogu ykxrsa] mRiknd la?k vkfn O;kikj ls os oLrq,a lekIr djus dh izo`fÙk j[krs gSa tks fdlh
ns'k dks FkksM+h lh mQaph ykxr ij ?kjsyw mRiknu }kjk izkIr gksrh gaSA vr% fdlh oLrq dh vuqiyC/rk vFkok
vizkI;rk izko`Qfrd lalk/uksa] rduhdh Kku] oLrq foHksnhdj.k vFkok laj{k.kkRed uhfr;ksa dh deh osQ dkj.k
gksrh gSA
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